Heisei 30 year 7 month heavy rain(Heisei 30 to 7)2018年(Heisei30 years)6/28から7/8OverWest JapanAroundHokkaido,Chubu regionOccurred in a wide range nationwide, includingTyphoon 7andRainy season frontDue to the influence ofTorrential rain^[2].. same year7/9ToJapanese Meteorological AgencyNamed^[2][3]..Also known asWest Japan heavy rain^[4].

Overview

Occurred on January 6Typhoon 7It is,Pacific highOver July 7th to wrap around the outside ofEast China SeaIn the Kyushu region, it continued to rain from around July 7 due to the effects of typhoons.^[5]..TyphoonTsushima StraitsChange course to the northeast in the vicinitySea of ​​JapanGot up^[1]However, due to the overhang of the Pacific HighRainy season frontStagnated in Hokkaido from July 7nd to 2th, and the rainfall over a wide area of ​​Hokkaido exceeded the normal value of monthly precipitation in July.^[6]..After that, the Baiu front moved south as the Pacific High moved to the southeast. From July 7th to 5th, the Baiu front stagnated near western Japan, and a large amount of moist air flowed into it, causing heavy rains to continue from western Japan to Tokai every day.^[7]..The Baiu front moved north on the 9th and stagnated over Japan until its activity weakened.Record heavy rainfall over a wide area from western Japan to eastern Japan^[8].

In 7 prefectures of Nagasaki, Fukuoka and Saga at 6:17 on July 10thHeavy rain special warningWas announced, followed by Hiroshima / Okayama / Tottori at 19:40, Kyoto / Hyogo at 22:50, and heavy rain special warnings were announced in eight prefectures in one day.^[9][10]..Furthermore, at 7:12 on the next day, 50th, Gifu Prefecture^[10][11], The next day, at 8:5 on the 50th, a heavy rain special warning was announced in the two prefectures of Kochi and Ehime.^[12], Heavy rain special warning was announced in a total of 11 prefectures, which is the largest number since the operation was finally started.^{[Note 1]}.

Due to this heavy rain, river flooding, flood damage, and sediment-related disasters have occurred in many areas, mainly in western Japan, and the death toll has exceeded 200.^[13]It was a huge disaster.Also, nationwideWater supply,communication such aslife lineIn addition to the damageTransportationThe failure is widespread^[1].HeiseiThe death toll exceeds 100 for the first time since the heavy rain disaster^[14][15], "Heisei worstFlood damageWas reported^[16]. further,ShowaEven if you go back to1982年Caused nearly 300 dead and missing peopleGreat flood in Nagasaki (heavy rain in July 57)Since then, it has been the worst damage^[17][18].

According to the analysis by the Japan Meteorological Agency, the causes of heavy rainfall after July 7 are considered to be as follows.

1. North of JapanOkhotsk Sea HighHas become very developed, and the Pacific High in the southeast has also strengthened, so the Baiu front sandwiched between them has stagnated and strengthened.
2. ConvectionThe activity was activeEast China SeaThe southeasterly wind from the vicinity and the southerly wind around the edge of the Pacific High became stronger, and the moist air that flowed from two directions toward the Baiu front merged near western Japan, resulting in an extremely large amount of water vapor.

The reason why the two high pressures became strongerPolar front jet streamとSubtropicalThe meandering of this airflow is affected by the large meandering of the jet stream.Record high temperature near Japan after thatAlso affected.Also, at 15 locations from Kyushu to TokaiLinear precipitation zoneOccurred, which caused more rainfall locally in some areas^[7][19].

Name

Regarding a series of heavy rains, the Japan Meteorological Agency announced on July 2018, 7Heisei 30 year 7 month heavy rainIs named^[2][3]..Due to the widespread damage to Hokkaido and the Chubu region centered on western Japan, the name was given without the area name.^[20]..The Japan Meteorological Agency named it for heavy rain in 2017July 29 Heavy rain in northern KyushuSince^[3].

on the other hand,News agencyEtc., from the life name by the Japan Meteorological Agency, simply "West Japan heavy rainThere are many cases that say^[14][21], Many media outlets continue to use the name "West Japan heavy rain" even after the name of the Japan Meteorological Agency.^[22][23][24]..It is extremely unusual for the mass media to give a de facto name for the heavy rain.

Above all,NHKHas consistently used the name "West Japan heavy rain" since the early days of heavy rain.This is because the official name "July 30 heavy rain" does not reveal the area that was severely damaged.

Rainfall record

According to the observation data provisionally released by the Japan Meteorological Agency, the total precipitation from 6:28 on June 0 to 7:8 on July 9 depends on the location.Shikoku regionAt 1,800 mm,Chubu regionAt 1,200 mm,Kyushu regionAt 900 mm,KinkiAt 600 mm,ChugokuOver 500 mm^[25]..Compared to the cases of heavy rainfall so far, it is characterized by heavy rainfall for 2 or 3 days in a wide area, and 48 hours and 72 hours of rainfall have been observed at many points, mainly in the area from western Japan to the Tokai region. Updated maximum value^[19][25].

Nationwide in early July (7st-1th)AmedusPrecipitation observed at 1 mm per site, comparable since 216.8SeasonFor eachPrecipitation amountWas the largest in^[19].. Even with three days of precipitation, from July 3th to 7th, the average was 5 mm nationwide and 7 mm in the Chugoku region (excluding Yamaguchi Prefecture), both of which were the largest since 145.5.^[7]..The Japan Meteorological Agency commented, "This heavy rain was extremely large compared to the past heavy rain disasters."^[19].

Damage/impact

Flooding of rivers, mainly in western Japan洪水,Sediment disasterSuch damage has occurred.The following is as of 2019:8 on August 20, 13Fire departmentIt is a total of the damage situation due to (late July)Typhoon 12Including damage caused by^[26].

• 263 dead
• 8 missing
• 484 injured (141 seriously injured, 343 slightly injured)
• 6783 houses completely destroyed, 1 partially destroyed, 1346 partially damaged, 4362 above-floor flooded, 6982 underfloor flooded
• Damage to public buildings 720, damage to other non-residential houses 6100

1 1 5 2 1 64 114 27 3 4 2 1 2 Distribution of human damage by prefecture (as of August 8, according to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency)[27]). Is the prefecture where the dead or missing was, and the number is the number.The most dead and missing wereHiroshima(114 people),Okayama(64 people),EhimeThere are 27 prefectures (3 people). Is the prefecture where there were other injuries.
Distribution of damage to houses by prefecture (as of August 8, according to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency)[27]). Is completely destroyed,Is half destroyed. Building number legend 1 - 9 10 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 499 500-999 1000 - 1999 2000 - 3999 4000 and over	Distribution of inundation damage to houses by prefecture (as of August 8, according to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency)[27]). Is flooded on the floorIs underfloor flooding. Number of buildings Legend Same as the figure on the left

Damage situation

(Hereinafter, the dates omitting the year and month shall be those of July 2018 (Heisei 30))

Hiroshima

In Hiroshima prefectureLandslideDamage caused by flooding and flooding occurred one after another.Debris flows and landslides occurred at more than 5,000 locations in the southern part of the prefecture (16th).The summit, which is usually hard to collapse, also frequently collapsed, confirming the terrible heavy rain.^[28]..By the 19th, the prefecture's housing damage, including inundation, had reached 38,000 buildings.^[29].

Aki DistrictKumano TownAt Kawasumi, the mountain behind the house collapsed and rushed to the house along the slope, killing 12 people.^[30][31].

Hiroshima city23 people have died and 2 are missing^[32].Aki WardIn Azuma Yano, about 20 houses collapsed due to a landslide^[30]In addition,Yano RiverThen some people died due to debris flow^[33].Asakita WardBut the landslide killed three people^[34]In addition,Higashi WardA landslide disaster also occurred in Umaki, killing one person.At the disaster site in Hiroshima CitygraniteHas weatheredMasago soilA lot of earth and sand includingDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto UniversityAccording to Associate Professor Hiroshi TakebayashiSediment disaster that occurred in Hiroshima City in 2014alikeMasago soilWas one of the factors that spread the damage^[30].

Aki DistrictSakamachiIn the Koyaura areaTenchi RiverThen.Earth and stone flow Sabo damA large amount of earth and sand struck the house, killing 15 people and missing one^[35][34]..Also in the center of Saka TownSaka stationThe area was flooded^[36].

KureThen 24 people died due to landslides.Kure City and Hiroshima CityHigashihiroshima CityThe road that connects to is cut off, JRKure LineWas also interrupted, so it became isolated.Kure PortとHiroshima PortIncreased use of sea routes connecting^[37].Yasuura TownThen, it was flooded over about 58ha, and 760 houses were damaged.Noro RiverUpstreamNomurogawa DamIt has been pointed out that the emergency discharge operation in Japan may have affected the damage, and verification is underway.^[38].Kure stationWhile two members were instructing the residents to evacuate, they were swallowed by a muddy stream and died.^[39].

Higashihiroshima CityIn Kawachi Town, a debris flow crossed a sabo dam and struck a village^[30]..In Shimominaga, Saijo-cho, the city, the back mountain collapsed and houses were washed away for several tens of meters.^[36]..A house was buried in earth and sand in Kitani, Akitsu-cho, the same city.^[36]..12 people died in Higashihiroshima^[34].Higashi Hiroshima StationAssistant police officer was killed in a landslide during a disaster response call^[40].

MiharaThen the landslide crushed the house andHongo TownでNumata RiverAnd its tributaries flooded about 700Ha8 people died, including flooding^[34][41].

TakeharaSix people were killed and four were injured, including landslides in Higashino, Shinjo, and Minato.Flow through the cityKamo RiverInundation of the building caused damage of 35 cases, 35 cases of flooding above the floor of the building, and 232 cases of flooding below the floor.^[42].. ..Like Kure CityKure LineHigashi Hiroshima City and Kure City,MiharaThe road leading to it was also cut off, so it was temporarily isolated.

Fukuyama CityThen.Station houseFor agricultureReservoirCrashed and was involved in a landslide, killing two people^[43][44].Ashida RiverInland waters are thought to have occurred in a tributary of the Teshiro River, and about 20 square kilometers of the city were inundated.^[45].

Aki DistrictFuchu TownThen, around 10:11 on the 10th under fine weather, 180 hectares of the town were flooded, and XNUMX children were temporarily left behind in a kindergarten along the river, and emergency rescue activities were carried out.The embankmentCollapseThere is no evidence of this, water overflows from the sabo dam upstream, the amount of water in the river increases, driftwood and earth and sand that have flowed from the upstream due to heavy rain stay in places where the flow meanders and bridges, and the river is dammed up Seems to have overflowed^[46][47].

In addition to the above, by the 18thFuchu-shi,Akitakata City,Onomichi2 people each in each city and town, Aki-gunKaita TownOne person has been confirmed dead in^[48].

In Hiroshima prefecture, where the damage is large, the victims are washed away by the river one after another.Japan Coast GuardThe Hiroshima Maritime Security Department has housed six bodies at sea by the 18th.We are searching for two people who are believed to have been washed away from Aki Ward, Hiroshima City, but they have not been found yet, and other missing persons remain.^[49].

Okayama

In Okayama Prefecture, flooding of rivers, inundation due to the collapse of embankments, and sediment-related disasters occurred one after another.As of the 19th, the number of completely destroyed and flooded houses reached at least 14,000, which was the worst damage caused by wind and flood damage in the prefecture after the war.^[50].

Damage to Kurashiki City

KurashikiMabi-choThen by the morning of the 7thOdagawaThe embankment such as the Takama River, a tributary, broke, and a wide area was flooded.^[51]..51 people died in Mabi-cho alone, most of them believed to have died in water^[52][53]..Forty-three of the dead were found indoors, 43 of whom were found on the ground floor of the house.^[54].Japan Society of Civil EngineersAccording to the survey, the depth of inundation exceeded 1 meters in the range of 3.5km north-south and 5km east-west, and reached a maximum of 5.4 meters.^[55]..The inundation area is 4, which is a quarter of Mabi Town.HaReached^[51]..In the opinion of the national census committee, the confluence in OdagawaTakahashi RiverWater is dammed up as the water risesBackwater phenomenonIt seems that the outside of the embankment was scraped and broke due to flooding.^[56]..In Mabi-cho, two levee breaks were confirmed in the Oda River, two in the tributary Takama River, three in the Suemasa River, and one in the Maya River, and six other slope collapses in the Oda River. Have been confirmed^[57].

The following is the progress of the administrative response to the flood in Mabi-cho, Kurashiki City.^[51][58].

• 6:22 on the 00th-All over Mabi-choEvacuation advisory
• 6:22 on the 40th-in Kurashiki CityHeavy rain special warning
• 6:23 on the 45th-on the south side of the Odagawa RiverEvacuation instructions(emergency)
• 7:0 on the 47th-Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism delivers an emergency bulletin mail saying that water is overflowing from the embankment on the right bank of the Odagawa River
• 7th 1:30 --Evacuation order to the north side of Odagawa (emergency)
• 7:1 on the 34th-The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism announced that it had confirmed the collapse of the embankment on the Takama River, but it was later revealed that this date and time was unconfirmed information.^[59]
• 7:6 on the 52th-Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism confirms the collapse of the embankment in Odagawa

In Kurashiki City, inundation and landslides occurred one after another, such as the death of one person in areas other than Mabi-cho.HiroeThen.Housing complexThe back mountain of the building collapsed and about 20 buildings were completely destroyed.^[60][61].

Mabi district damage related gallery

Damage in various parts of the prefecture except Kurashiki City

• Okayama CityIn addition, the number of flooded houses due to flooding of rivers has risen to 7,645, and sediment-related disasters have also occurred one after another.^[62].Higashi WardIn the swamp before dawn on the 7thAsahikawaThe water-based Sunagawa embankment broke, flooding 2,230 houses around the Hirashima area.^[62][63]..According to a survey by Okayama Prefecture, the inundation area of ​​the Hirashima area is about 750 hectares, and the inundation depth is estimated to have reached a maximum of about 1.5 meters.^[63].

• KasaokaIn Mohei, on the morning of the 7th, the mountain behind the factory of an automobile parts company collapsed and earth and sand flowed in, involving 6 people and killing 2 people.^[64]..In addition, one person died in Kasaoka City, and about 1 buildings were flooded in the Kitagawa area in the northern part of Kasaoka City.^[65].

• IbaraThen, about 300 buildings were flooded in the city, including the collapse of a tributary of the Oda River, killing two people.^[65][26].

• Oda DistrictYakakeHowever, the main stream and tributaries of the Oda River broke down and about 600 buildings were flooded.^[65].

• General corporationThen, the guards who were in charge of traffic regulation on the flooded roadTakahashi River4 people died, including being swept away by^[66][34]..In Soja cityShowaInundation of districts and Shimohara in the same cityAluminum factory explosionOverlapping, the number of damaged houses reached 968^[60].

• TakahashiFlooding occurred in Ochiai Town on the night of the 6th, and at convenience stores and elderly homes, users waited for rescue by climbing upstairs and roofs to escape from the water.^[67].

• As of November 11, with Takahashi CityNiimi City,Tomata-gunKagamino TownEach one is missing^[26].

San'in district

Shimane PrefectureEnokawaMore than 200 buildings were flooded above the floor in the basin.Shimane Prefecture on the 11thJiangjin City,Kawamoto,Misato TownDispatched staff to help with restoration.In Kawamoto Town, 280 households were cut off due to the flooding of the water purification plant.^[68].

Shikoku region

In Ehime prefectureSeiyo CityNomura TownOn the morning of the 7thNomura damIs nearing full waterEmergency releaseWhere I didHajikawaFlooded, killing five people who were late to escape^[69]..According to Seiyo City, the evacuation order was notified to the residents by the disaster prevention administration radio at 7:5 on the 10th.^[69].Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismShikokuRegional Development BureauAccording to the report, the same amount of water as the inflow to the dam started to be released at 6:20, and it was released at 6 cubic meters per second at 20:439, but reached 7 cubic meters per second at 50:1797.^[69]..Also downstreamKanogawa DamHowever, from 7:35, we took measures to release almost the same amount of water as the inflow.Ozu CityThe river overflowed^[70]..On the 8th in Ozu City, an estimated 4600 households were inundated.Takahisa NinomiyaThe mayor said, "This disaster is quite big," and emphasized the recognition that it is the largest since Heisei.^[71].

Uwajima CityYoshida TownThen, on the 7th, many landslides occurred and 11 people died.^[72][73].Matsuyama City OfNuwa IslandThen, at around 7:0 on the 50th, the mountain behind the house collapsed and one building collapsed, killing three people.^[74].

In Kochi prefectureKonan CityOn the morning of the 6th, one person was swept away by the Koso River and was about 1 kilometers west.Shimanto CityFound dead on the coast of^[75].Otsuki TownThen two people died, and a total of three people died in the prefecture^[76]. Aki CityThen, it flows through the city before dawn on the 6thAki RiverFlooded in the Tochinogi area, about 10 buildings were inundated in the eastern village along the river, and 21 people were temporarily isolated.^[77].

Kyushu region, Yamaguchi prefecture

By the 7th in Yamaguchi Prefecture,IwakuniShutochoOne person died when earth and sand entered the house, and one person died when the whole house was washed away by a debris flow.Shunan CityThen the house collapsed due to earth and sand and one person died^[78].

In Fukuoka prefecture, on the morning of the 6thKitakyushuMoji WardA cliff collapse occurred and the house was completely destroyed and two people died^[34]..By the 7th, the prefectureKasuya-gunUmi TownOne of the residents was caught in a debris flow while evacuating from a long-term care facility in the mountains and died.ChikushinoFound in the waterway of Harada^[34][79][78].. On the 6th, Kitakyushu CityKokurakita Ward OfItabagawa,KurumeKitano TownMultiple rivers are flooded^[10]In Kurume City, a wide area was flooded, and by the 7th, about 1000 buildings (including about 500 in the Kitanomachi district of Kurume City) were inundated and rescue activities were carried out by boat.^[10][78]..In Kitakyushu City, about 9 buildings were damaged by landslides by the 680th.^[80].

By the 12th in Saga Prefecture,Saga CityIn Taiwa TownKase RiverOne person who was swept away died^[81],Imari CityDied one person^[79]..One of Imari City is Nagasaki PrefectureMatsuuraIt was discovered after being washed away about 6km to the coast of^[82].

By the 12th, one body was found in Miyazaki prefecture, and the relationship with heavy rain is being investigated.^[79].

By the 7th in Kagoshima prefecture,KagoshimaFurusatocho(SakurajimaTwo buildings were involved in a landslide, and two people died.^[78][79].

Kinki

In HyogoInagawa TownOn the 5th, three workers were washed away in a drainage pipe at a construction site of a distribution center, one of whom died and two were seriously injured.^[83].Shishiwa CityThen a landslide crushed a house and killed one person^[84].Tamba cityThen, flood damage occurred frequently in various parts of the city.^[85].

In Kyoto prefectureAyabe CityA landslide caused a house to collapse and three people died.^[34].KameokaThen, a car was washed away in the river and one person died^[86][87].MaizuruThen, a man who went missing while removing earth and sand at homeMaizuru BayFound in the body^[88].Fukuchiyama CityOe TownOn the 9th in Kojo, a valley river was dammed up by a landslide.Natural damIt turned out that^[89]..In the prefecture, more than 2000 buildings in total, including Maizuru City and Fukuchiyama City, were inundated.In MaizuruYura RiverInundation damage occurs in the basin because inland water such as rainwater does not flow to the Yura River^[90]..1828 households in the entire Kasa area of ​​Maizuru City were temporarily isolated due to the flooding of the road.^[91][92]..In addition, roads are being cut off one after another.Ine TownIn addition to the isolation of the entire area, 6 districts of 13 cities, towns and towns became isolated.^[93]. Hiyoshi DamThen, for the first time since the operation, the emergency water discharge gate was opened and water was discharged.other,Kyoto CityFushimi Ward OfOiwayamaThen, in large quantitiesIllegal dumpingConstruction doneRemaining soilHowever, there was damage that collapsed during heavy rain^[94]. Miyazu City Marine Fishing GroundWas paused because the sidewalk collapsed2020年Open on April 4st^[95].

Chubu region

Even in Gifu prefectureSeki CityIncludingGujo,Gero CityIn some mountainous areas such as, the amount of rainfall from the beginning of the rainfall exceeds 1000 mm, and damages such as sediment runoff, flooding of roads, and collapse of river revetments occurred one after another.In Seki City, one died and three were seriously injured.

In Seki City before dawn on the 8thTsubo RiverFlooded^[96], Eastern oldKaminoho Village-Mugi Town225 buildings were flooded above the floor and 270 buildings were flooded below the floor, mainly in the area.A car rolled over into the irrigation canal and a man died.Even in Gujo City, WarachosawaWara RiverAround the Wara Promotion Office, which stands alongside, the revetment collapsed over a width of about 200 meters.^[97]Also in Gero City, 6 people from 15 households are isolated.JR in Gifu prefecture centering on Seki cityTakayama Line,Tokai Hokuriku Expressway,Chubu Crossing ExpresswayEtc. were shredded (described later)^[98].

In Nagano prefecture on the morning of the 8thOtaki VillageThe water level increased, and a village road about 5 meters wide collapsed over 60 meters.19 people including foreign tourists were temporarily isolated^[99].

Hokkaido

In Hokkaido, damage such as inundation above and below the floor and landslides caused by the collapse of the embankment and the inundation of inland waters occurred.^[100][101].AsahikawaFlooded twice^[101]In addition, with Asahikawa CityFukagawaでIshikari RiverBut,Numata TownAnd in FukagawaUryu RiverFlooded on the 3rd^[102].Okhotsk jurisdictionEngaru TownThen.Yubetsu RiverAn abnormality occurred in the pier at "Iwane Ohashi", and the bridge broke.Kamikawa jurisdictionHigashikawa TownAt Tenninkyo Onsen, 3 guests, including guests, have been isolated since the 130rd due to a partial collapse of the road.132 buildings were damaged in Hokkaido, mainly in Asahikawa City.^{[103][104][105]}.

Impact on infrastructure

life line

China Electric PowerThen, on the 8th, a power outage occurred in a total of 18 households in the jurisdiction.^[106]..Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc. announced on July 7 that the power outage had been resolved.^[107]. Shikoku Electric PowerThen, on the 7th, a power outage occurred in a total of 1 households in the jurisdiction, but on July 6615th, a portable generator was transported by helicopter to about 7 households that could not be accessed due to the last remaining landslide or road damage. Solved^[108].

NTT WestThen, from the 7th to the 8th, about 5 lines were temporarily unavailable in the five prefectures of Hyogo, Okayama, Hiroshima, Ehime, and Kochi due to a cable failure and submersion of the communication building.^[109][110].

Three major mobile phone companiesNTT DoCoMo,au,SoftbankIs part of the disaster areaMobile phoneAnnounced that it is not available or is difficult to use^{[111][112][113]}.

The water supply will be cut off at noon on the 11th.Hiroshima21 units,Ehime2 units,Okayama9696 households and 9 households in other 1154 prefectures are out of water, and water utilities nationwide are members.Japan Water Works AssociationAs of the 11th, (Tokyo) has dispatched a total of 90 water trucks from about 117 local governments such as Kinki and Shikoku, and is supporting the three prefectures of Hiroshima, Okayama, and Ehime.^[114].. As of 8:1 on August 10, 00 households were out of water in the two prefectures of Hiroshima and Ehime.^[115].

道路

West Japan Expressway(NEXCO West Japan) Within the jurisdiction, disasters occurred at the following 49 locations, and a maximum of 2,299 km was temporarily closed.^[116].

• Shinmeishin Expressway - Slope1 place of collapse
• Kyonawa Expressway --One slope collapse
• Maizuru Wakasa Expressway --One landslide
• Sanyo Expressway --Slope collapse 2 places, flooding 1 place, sediment inflow 8 places, surface layer collapse 1 place
• Sanyo Expressway Ube Shimonoseki Line --One slope collapse
• Chinese motorway --One slope collapse
• Okayama Expressway --One slope collapse
• Hiroshima Kure Road --Two slope collapses, one embankment collapse
• Yonago Expressway --One slope collapse
• Kanmon Expressway --One slope collapse
• Kanmon tunnel --One slope collapse
• Matsuyama Expressway --One place where the electric room is flooded
• Kochi Expressway --Two slope collapses, one bridge outflow
• Kyushu Expressway --Slope collapse 4 places, flood 1 place, sediment inflow 1 place
• Higashikyushu Expressway --One slope collapse
• Nagasaki Expressway --One slope collapse

Of the above sections, 8 areas had completed emergency measures by August 8 (approximately within one month after the disaster), but the disasters that occurred in the following two sections were seriously damaged areas that took time to resume traffic. Has been^[116].

• Kochi Expressway Shingu IC - Otoyo ICBridge superstructure outflow due to sediment outflow that occurred on the up line (Tachikawa Bridge)
  • Resumed on July 7 with face-to-face traffic using the down line^[117][118].2019年7/8Complete recovery in 4 lanes^[119].
• Hiroshima Kure Road Sakaminami IC - Tenno Nishi ICMain line embankment collapse that occurred on the up line
  • Restoration work started on August 8^[120].. Restored on September 9^[121][122].

• 

  Sanyo Expressway after resuming traffic Saijo IC-Takaya JCT / ICBetween (Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture).It can be confirmed that earth and sand remain on the shoulder and median strip.

• 

  Superstructure leakedKochi ExpresswayTachikawa Bridge (KochiNagaokaOtoyo Town）

In addition,Kitakyushu Highway (Urban Highway)However, due to a disaster, all lines were temporarily closed.^[123]However, all road closures were lifted on July 7th.^[124].

For damage to other national roads, major local roads, prefectural roads, major municipal roads, etc., refer to each road article.

Train

On the railroad, up to July 7, there was a suspension of operation on 7 lines of 32 operators.^[125]..The following are the routes that the facility was damaged by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as of 7:9 on July 18th.^[125].

• Hokkaido passenger railway(JR Hokkaido)- Hakodate honsen
• East Japan Railway(JR East) --No applicable route
• Tokai passenger railway(JR Central)- Takayama Main Line
• West Japan Railway Company(JR West)- Hakubi Line,Kansai Main Line,Hime Shinsen,Tsuyama Line,Cause line,Kisetsu Line,Fukushio Line,Geibi Line,Kure Line,Sanyo Main Line,Iwatoku Line,San'in Main Line,Bantan Line,Maizuru Line
• Shikoku Passenger Railway(JR Shikoku)- Yosan line,Dosan Line
• Kyushu passenger railway(JR Kyushu)- Chikuhi Line,Chikuho Main Line,Hisatsu Line
• Nagara Railway - Ominami Line
• WILLER TRAINS - Miyazu Line
• Ihara Railway - Ihara Line
• Nishikigawa Railway - Nishikigawa Seiryu Line
• Heisei Chikuho Railway - Tagawa Line,Mojiko Retro Tourist Line

Due to these suspensions, operations resumed in sequence (see each route article for the restoration status), and the entire line was restored on October 2019, 10. As of August 23, 2018, it was announced that the following sections, which are particularly damaged, will not be able to resume operation by the end of September.^[126].

• JR Tokai
  • Takayama Main Line Sakakami Station - Inotani StationBetween (Sakakami Station- Utsubo StationSediment inflow and track runoff^[125].. November 11st Operation resumed^{[127][128][129]}）
• JR West Japan
  • Sanyo Main Line Mihara Station - Shiraichi StationBetween (Mihara Station- Hongo StationSediment inflow between^[130],Hongo Station - Kawachi StationEmbankment collapse between^[131]..This section resumed operation on September 9^[132].. All lines resumed operation by October 10th^[133][134]）
  • Geibi Line Bingo Ochiai Station - Kariya Stationwhile(Shirakiyama Station --The 1st Misasa River Bridge between Karuga Station was washed away^[130]Such. October 10thBingo Shobara Station - Miyoshi StationPartial operation started between.Bingo-Ochiai Station-Bingo-Shobara Station will resume operation on December 12th^[135]..It is expected that it will take at least one year to restore the section between Miyoshi Station and Karuga Station.^[132], Resumed operation of all lines sequentially by October 2019, 10^[136]. )
  • Fukushio Line Fuchu Station - Shiomachi StationBetween (October 10thKisa station --Between Shiomachi Station, October 10thJoge station --Partial operation started between Kisa Station.Fuchu Station-Jōge Station will resume operation on December 12th^[135][132]）
  • Between Mihara Station and Hiro Station on the Kure Line (between Hiro Station)Nigata Station - Aki-Saizaki StationMultiple sediment inflows between. On October 10thAki Kawajiri Station --Between Hiro Station on October 10thYasuura Station --Aki-Kawajiri Station, Mihara Station on December 12 --Yasuura Station^[135][132]）
  • Iwatoku Line Suo Takamori Station - Kushigahama Stationwhile(Takamizu Station - Katsuma StationRoadbed was washed away between them. September 9 Resumed operation^[132]）
• JR Kyushu
  • Chikuhou Main Line (Harada Line) Katsura River Station - Harada Stationwhile(Kami-Honami Station - Chikuzen Yamaya StationRoadbed outflow at multiple locations between^[137].. March 2019, 3 Resumed operation^[138]. )
• Heisei Chikuho Railway
  • Tagawa Line Sakiyama Station - Tagawaita StationBetween (Sakiyama Station- Genjimori StationEmbankment collapse between^[139].. November 10st Operation resumed^[140]）

• Sanyo Main Line in the damaged section of JR WestKaitashi Station --As a special case, it is difficult to move between Mihara stations by other means of transportation.Sanyo Shinkansen OfHiroshima Station --Depends on Mihara StationAlternative transportWas carried out (purchased by July 7th)Commuter pass-Regular ticket·usuallyTicket BookLimited to passengers who have^[141]..In addition, this special case will start from the 10th at Mihara Station- Shin Kurashiki StationBetween (Sanyo Main Line: Mihara Station- Kasaoka StationSuspended driving)^[142], From 11thShin-Iwakuni Station - Tokuyama StationMa (Sanyo Main Line / Gantoku Line:Iwakuni Station --It was also carried out (suspension of driving between Tokuyama stations)^[143].

• Japan Freight Railway

• By 7:8 on July 8th on the Japan Freight Railway (JR Freight)Tokaido Main Line-Sanyo Main Line-Hokuriku Main Line355 freight trains were suspended, mainly trains running in^[144]..Due to the prolonged damage on the Sanyo Main Line, freight trains east of Kansai and Kyushu have been suspended for a long time, and trucks (Fukuoka / Kitakyushu Terminal-Hiroshima / Okayama Terminal, etc.) and ships (Moji Port-Mizushima Port << later, Okayama Port → → Change to Shin-Okayama Port》 and Hakata Port-Osaka Port, etc.)^{[145][146][147]}.
  
  * For details with recorded images of agency transportation by coastal vessels, see (Container transportation in Japan # Response status in Okayama prefecture).
  
  After that, based on the restoration of the closed section of the Hakubi Line, after asking JR West for cooperation, from August 8thOkayama Freight Terminal Station - Hatao Chechang StationBetween (Hakubi Line /San'in Main Line-Yamaguchi LineThe actual train service section is viaNagoya Freight Terminal Station - Fukuoka Freight Terminal Station(Between), detour operation of freight trains will be carried out once a day^[148]..Also, from the end of August to the time being, it belongs to JR Freight.EF64 type electric locomotiveIt has been decided to attach the messages of "Ganbaro Okayama" and "Ganbaro Hiroshima" to 1 car with the head mark and 6 cars with wrapping.^[149]..As of September 9, these freight agency transportation, etc. were scheduled to be completed by September 14, when the Sanyo Main Line was restored.^[150]Finally, detours and agency transportation continued until October 10 (October 11 Sanyo Main Line full restoration)^[151].

aviation

Hiroshima AirportAlthough he was spared the direct damage,Sanyo ExpresswayA total of 3 people were stranded in the terminal building in three days due to the disruption of airport access methods such as^[152].. From July 7th, the Sanyo Shinkansen resumed operation with the airport.Higashihiroshima StationTemporary shuttle bus connecting to the operation started^[152], From the 10thGeiyo BusStarted the temporary bus service for a fee^[152]. Also,Numata RiverThe Hongo Reservoir was submerged, causing water shortages at airport terminal buildings and other areas.As a result, from July 7th, we were forced to reduce the business of restaurants and retail stores.^[152].

Impact on public facilities, cultural properties, etc.

Excludes infrastructure and lifeline relationships.

Elementary and junior high school

According to a survey by the Ministry of Education, by the 17th, 18 elementary and junior high schools in 270 prefectures had been damaged by flooding and damage.Schools in Okayama, Hiroshima, Kyoto, and Ehime prefectures accounted for most of the damage.In Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, there is no prospect of resumption at 25 elementary and junior high schools due to the continuing water outage.At Seiyo Municipal Junior High School in Ozu City, Ehime Prefecture, the school building cannot be used due to landslides in the back mountains and inflow of sediment.In Okayama prefecture and other areas, there is no prospect of resuming classes after the disaster, so we entered the summer vacation ahead of schedule.^[153].

hospital

According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, there are 6 medical institutions (excluding psychiatric hospitals) in 94 prefectures from Kyoto to Nagasaki that have been damaged by water outages, floods, and power outages.Of these, 71 facilities need assistance such as water supply as of noon on July 7.^[154]..Mabi Memorial Hospital (Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture)Mabi-cho), The first floor was submerged, and about 1 patients and local residents who fled escaped from the top by helicopter or boat.After the water was drained, we continued medical treatment using the conference room on the 340nd floor, and resumed full operation on February 2, 2019.^[155].

Cultural assets, etc.

SagaKaratsu City"" in OchichoTerraced rice fields in WarabinoDamaged^[156].

KagawaMarugame OfMarugame CastleThen, on July 7, the "belt" in the southwestern part of the castleCurlThe south side of the stone wall called "Collapsed"^[157].

Impact on industry

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries

According to the data released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries on June 2019, 6, the total amount of damage related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries caused by this typhoon amounts to 24 billion yen.The most serious damage is the devastation of forest land, damage to agricultural land, and damage to agricultural facilities such as ponds.Also,Forest roadEven at the facility, damage occurred extensively, including damage to more than 32 locations in 9500 prefectures.^[158].

• In Hokkaido, the amount of damage related to agriculture is 18 million yen, and the amount of damage related to fisheries and forestry is 8500 million yen. Announced on August 7, 7200, including estimates and figures under investigation^[159]..In the Kamikawa and Sorachi regions, rivers flooded and paddy fields and fields were flooded, causing damage in various places.In addition to flooding of fields such as paddy fields, houses, buckwheat, green onions, and black soybeans, several inflows of earth and sand have also occurred.^[160]..In particular, Asahikawa City is expected to cause more agricultural damage than the heavy rain disaster in the summer of 2016 when four typhoons landed and approached in Hokkaido.^[161].
• In Okayama Prefecture, the amount of damage related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries has exceeded 266 billion yen. According to the announcement on November 2018, 11ト ラ ク タ ーThe amount of damage to agricultural machinery caused by the flooding has reached 47 billion yen.In addition, damage to agricultural land and agricultural facilities, such as the collapse of agricultural land and cracks in the levee body of the pond, exceeds 151 billion yen.^[162]
• Hiroshima Prefecture announced that the total damage related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries was 873 million yen.Damages such as agricultural land, agricultural facilities, collapse of mountains and landslides account for most of the total amount.Regarding the damage to agricultural products, the damage caused by sediment inflow and flooding into paddy rice was 8600.HaClimbed to^[163].

Also majorWholesale marketThe prices of vegetables in the area were temporarily high for some items due to heavy rain and heat, but after September, they were almost normal, and no significant effect was seen.There were no significant changes in fruits such as peaches and grapes.There was almost no change in the wholesale prices of beef and pork due to the effects of heavy rain.^[158].

Manufacturing industry

• Sake"FestivalIs manufacturedYamaguchi OfAsahi ShuzoThen, one of the two warehouses was damaged by flooding.In addition, due to heavy rain, refrigeration equipment was shut down in both buildings, so all production of the festival was stopped.^[164].. Production resumed on July 7, and the damaged directly managed stores also resumed operations at temporary stores.^[165]..In addition, products that were damaged during brewing and whose original quality could not be ensured are called "Daisai". Island cultivation^{[Note 2]}And use a part of the sales for donations^[166].
• OkayamaGeneral corporation OfAsahi Aluminum Industry^{[Note 3]}The factory was flooded by heavy rain and suddenly exploded and a fire broke out.The fire spread to the surrounding private houses, burning three buildings and injuring dozens of people.In addition, because there is a risk of a secondary explosion, Soja City, Okayama PrefectureShimobaruAn evacuation order was issued in Japan, and by the 7th, about 300 people had evacuated to the evacuation center.When the factory was flooded by heavy rainaluminumBecause half of the capacity (20 tons) of molten aluminum remained in the melting furnace ofSteam explosionSeems to have caused^[167][168].

• PanasonicThen, the Okayama factory, which manufactures commercial video cameras, was damaged by flooding.^[169]..Expected to take about a week to recover^[170].
• Mitsubishi ElectricKyoto Works (KyotoNagaokakyo), Refrigeration System Mfg. Co., Ltd. (Wakayama),HyogoTwo of the factories shut down on the afternoon of the 2th^[169].
• Daihatsu industryBecause the highway in western Japan was closed and the supply of parts was affected, the head office factory (OsakaIkeda) ・ Shiga No. 2 Factory ・ Kyoto Factory ・Daihatsu KyushuSuspended operations at Oita Factory, Daihatsu Kyushu Kurume Factory, etc.^[169].. The impact continues as of July 7^[170].
• マ ツ ダBecause it can be difficult to supply parts, the head office factory (HiroshimaFuchu Town) And the Hofu factory suspended operations on July 7^[169]..Operation is suspended until the 11th due to supply chain disruption^[170].. Resume after 12th^[171].. From September 9th, 10 factories in Hiroshima and Yamaguchi prefectures will be in normal operation.^[172].
• Toyota Motor KyushuMiyata Factory partially suspended operations on the 10th due to the disruption of the supply chain^[170].
• Coca-Cola Bottlers JapanHongo Factory (Hiroshima Prefecture)Mihara) Has suspended operations until the 10th due to flood damage including distribution bases.^[170].
• Besides this,Japan Marine UnitedKure Office,IHIOperation at Kure No. 2 Factory was suspended until the 9th^[173].
• KewpieHas terminated the sale of canned meat sauce for spaghetti, which had been on sale since 1959, because the factory of a can manufacturing manufacturer, one of its business partners, was damaged and there is no prospect of recovery.^[174].

oil

• JXTG energyとIdemitsu KosanSubordinategas stationMany are closed as of 9th^[173].
• Showa Shell SekiyuThe road to the Hiroshima oil depot was closed and shipping was suspended as of the 9th.^[173].

Service industry

Delivery of goods and foodstuffs stagnated due to road disruption, which was affected by flooding of stores.

• AEON group,Seven-Eleven,Lawson,FamilyMart,poplar,Zensho,McDonald's,SkylarkMany stores were closed as of the 9th at supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, etc.^[173].

logistics

Damage to collection and delivery sites, highway closures, and disruption of rail freight had a widespread impact, especially in western Japan.In particular, the courier service and mail-order sales between the eastern Japan region and the Sanyo region and Kyushu were greatly affected.^[175][176]..About rail transportation (JR freight)Another clausereference.

• Sagawa ExpressSuspended the acceptance of courier services from eastern Japan to Kyushu from the evening of the 8th.We have stopped accepting packages addressed to Okayama, Hiroshima, and Ehime prefectures.^[173][22].
• Yamato TransportAlso stopped accepting packages addressed to 6 prefectures including Kyoto, Okayama, Hiroshima and Ehime prefectures.We also stopped accepting cool flights to Hiroshima, Shimane, and Yamaguchi prefectures.^[173].
• Seino TransportationAfter the disaster, we stopped accepting luggage from eastern Japan to 6 prefectures in Kyushu until the 17th.^[177]

Tourism industry

Due to heavy rainHarmful rumorOccurred in various places, and although there was almost no direct damage to the main sightseeing and hot spring areas in Okayama, Hiroshima, and Ehime prefectures due to heavy rain, there were a series of cancellations such as accommodation.^[178]..Therefore, on August 8, the government approved a "living and livelihood reconstruction support package" totaling 3 billion yen for recovery and reconstruction from the heavy rains in western Japan.On the tourism side, 1058 million yen was allocated for measures against reputational damage.^[179]

In order to support the reconstruction of the tourism industry, the "Fukuko Tour Discount" will be held from August 11st to November 8th, where accommodation costs will be discounted when traveling around 31 prefectures from Gifu prefecture to Fukuoka prefecture.^[180].

• Chugoku
  • OkayamaThen at the regular press conference on July 7thRyuta IbarakiThe governor has revealed that between July 7th and 6th, when the heavy rains in western Japan occurred, the number of reservation cancellations at accommodation facilities in the prefecture was 18, and the amount of decrease in accommodation charges was estimated to be 10 billion yen.^[181].
  • HiroshimaThen, on July 7, it was revealed that 24 reservations were canceled at accommodation facilities in the prefecture due to the heavy rain in western Japan, and the impact on tourism including meals and souvenirs is estimated to be about 12 billion yen. did^[182].

• Shikoku
  • EhimeAccording to a prefecture survey, by July 7, about 20 people had canceled at 25 hotels and inns in the prefecture.^[183].

Impact on events

Sports

NPBThe following games were canceled in addition to the cancellation due to rain.

• Chunichi DragonsversusTokyo Yakult Swallows(November 7,Nagoya Dome): The Yakult equipment carrier that departed from Hiroshima on the night of July 7 could not arrive due to the deterioration of road conditions due to heavy rain, so it was decided to cancel the game.^[184].
• Hiroshima Toyo CarpversusHanshin Tigers(July 7-9,Mazda Stadium): Considering the impact of heavy rain damage^[185].

high school baseball(100th National High School Baseball Championship Memorial Tournament) Has changed the opening ceremony and match start schedule at 14 regional tournaments, mainly in western Japan.Hiroshima TournamentとOkayama TournamentThen, on July 7, the tournament schedule was reconsidered.^[186].

J LeagueCanceled and postponed the following games scheduled for July 7th^[187].

• J2Section 22Kyoto Sanga FCversusAvispa Fukuoka(Kyoto City Saikyogoku Athletic Park Athletics and Ball Stadium）
• J3Section 17Gainale TottoriversusThe Spa Kusatsu Gunma(Torigin Bird Stadium）
• same·Giravanz KitakyushuversusKagoshima United FC(Mikuni World Stadium Kitakyushu）

Also scheduled for July 7thEmperor's Cup JFA 98th All Japan Soccer ChampionshipOf the fourth roundSanfrecce Hiroshima versus Nagoya GrampusBattle (Hiroshima Wide Area Athletics Stadium) Also postponed^[188].

From 7:6 pm on July 1KyotoKyotango CityWas scheduled to be held inTokyo 2020 Olympics-ParalympicFlag tour ceremony canceled (postponed) due to heavy rain warning etc.^[189].

Japan Professional Golf Tour(JGTO) Future Golf Tour Hiroshima Tournament (July 7th and 10th: Takanosu Golf Club) and Okayama Tournament (July 11th and 7th: Kurashiki Country Club) postponed^[190].

In Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima PrefectureHiroshima Country ClubIt was scheduled to be held on August 8rd and 23th at the Saijo course.PGA Senior Tour"Hiroshima Senior Open" is canceled.Instead, it has jurisdiction over the tourJapan Professional Golf AssociationDecided to donate 200 million yen as a reconstruction aid on July 7^[191].

Music event

August 7th and 7thMarine Messe FukuokaHeld atAqsof"Love Live! Sunshine!! Aqours 3rd LoveLive! Tour ~WONDERFUL STORIES~Was held as scheduled because the heavy rain special warning issued in Fukuoka Prefecture, where the venue is located, was canceled at the time of the morning of the first day of the performance, but tickets will be refunded to customers who could not come.^[192].. on the other hand,GifuMotosu City OfTOHO CinemasMorera GifuIt was scheduled to be held inLive viewingWas canceled because the theater was suspended due to heavy rain.^[193]

July 7-7Hiroshima Green ArenaTo be held inYuzu"YUZU ARENA TOUR 2018 BIG YELL" has been cancelled.It was decided not to hold a transfer performance^[194]..On the same scheduleKyoto Prefectural Yamashiro Sports ParkThe festival scheduled to be held atKyoto DaisakusenWas also canceled, and the 2018 transfer was not held. Instead, the 2019 event was called "Double Return! Eating Festival" and expanded to 4 days.^[195].. Scheduled to be held at Okayama IMAGE on July 7th and Hiroshima CAVE-BE on July 7th.J"J LIVE TOUR 2018 -rise above-" has been cancelled^[196].

Traditional events / festivals

Held from June 6st to September 1th every yearMiyoshi Cityof"Miyoshi cormorant fishingThe riverbed of the river was roughened by the muddy current, and the cormorant fishing yard was almost submerged. Of the 17 boats in total, one cormorant boat and six pleasure boats were destroyed, and two were scrapped.鵜Was evacuated by the cormorant and was safe, but the cormorant's joint breeding ground was flooded and the refrigerator for storing cormorant food could not be used.^[197]..After that, remove the place where the earth and sand have accumulated from the course, etc.8/9It was carried to resume from^[198][199].

Gifu Prefecture·Nagara RiverCormorant fishing in the basin was also forced to cancel.(I.e.Due to heavy rain since July 7thNagara cormorantThe cormorant fishing resumed on the 14th, but the operation of the viewing boat is scheduled to be canceled until the 24th, and reservations for about 1 people have been cancelled.^[200].Seki City OfKose UkaiWas suspended from June 6th to July 28th before the heavy rain, and reservations for more than 7 people were cancelled.^[201].

Okayama prefectureKurashikiThe "Kurashiki Tenryo Summer Festival" scheduled to be held on July 7 was canceled, but the "Kurashiki Komachi" contest was held.^[202].Wakimachi"Monjayaki" is also canceled, but the "Monjayaki Festival" itself is scheduled to be held from August 8th.^[203].

Ehime PrefectureUwajima CityThe "7nd Uwajima Ushioni Festival" scheduled to be held from July 22nd to 24th has been cancelled.^[204]..Also co-sponsoredWarei ShrineCanceled some Shinto rituals of "Wajima Ushisai" and changed to hold a reconstruction prayer festival instead^[205].Seiyo CityThen, of the events scheduled to be held in the summer, 7 in July, 1 in August, and 8 in September will be canceled.^[206].

HiroshimaHatsukaichi OfMiyajimaScheduled for August 8th at "25thMiyajima Underwater Fireworks FestivalWas canceled.According to the executive committee, it was not possible to secure a special train for JR, and it was judged that alternative transportation by ship would be difficult.^[207].

Public competition

7 month 6 daySonoda Horse Racing,Kokura Keirin,Boat Race Wakamatsu-Boat race AshiyaCanceled^[208], October 7Boat Race Karatsu-Boat Race Amagasaki^[208],Kochi Horse Racing(Postponed to July 7) Canceled^[209], Kochi Horse Racing on July 7th (Postponed to July 8th)^[210],Boat race fukuokaCanceled^[211].

Other

Scheduled to be held on July 7thJR KyushubyHisadai Main LineRestoration commemorative event canceled^[212].

Summer patrol radio exercisesThen on March 8HiroshimaAki DistrictKumano TownThe event itself was canceled although it was planned to be broadcast live from^[213][214],Studio in tokyoChanged to live broadcast from.

EhimeImabariScheduled to be held on July 7ndMini XNUMXWD official competitionThe Ehime tournament of the national tour event "Japan Cup 2018" will be postponed on October 10th^[215].

insurance

* --The number of payments and insurance payments are expected, and the insurance payments are in units of XNUMX million yen.RoundingTherefore, the value obtained by adding up each item may not match the value in the total column.

Administrative response

Designation as a specific emergency disaster / severe disaster

The Cabinet is on July 7thSpecified Emergency Disaster Special Measures Law^{[Note 4]}Based on the provisions of^{[Note 5]}So, in addition to designating the disaster caused by the heavy rain in July 30 as a specific emergency disaster, the measures to be applied to it are designated (enforced from the same day).^[216]..Specifically, it includes special measures such as extending the validity period even after the driver's license renewal time, and bankruptcy proceedings will not be started for a certain period if insolvency occurs.^[217]..This is the fifth case and the first time other than an earthquake disaster.^{[217][Note 6]}.

Also, the Cabinet will be on July 7th.Severe Disaster Law^{[Note 7]}Based on the provisions of^{[Note 8]}Therefore, disasters caused by heavy rains and storms that occurred in various parts of the country from May 30 to July 7 of the same year, such as the heavy rains of July 5, are designated as severe disasters (main severe disasters) and are applied to them. Designated measures to be taken (enforced from July 20)^[218]..Specifically, it includes measures such as raising the national treasury subsidy rate for restoration projects by local governments, raising funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, and supporting people who are on leave due to the disaster.^[219].

Response of government agencies

Imperial Household Agency

• Emperor-QueenWatching the "Berlin Philharmoniker 8 Cellists in Tokyo" on the 12th, from the 9thShizuokaYukiyuki, From 17thNasu Imperial VillaI canceled each of my stay plans^[220]..Also on the 9th, the Imperial Household AgencyChikao KawaiThrough the chamberlain of Japan, he conveyed his feelings of sympathy to the governors of Okayama, Hiroshima, and Ehime prefectures.^[221].. We visited Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture on September 9th, and Seiyo City, Ehime Prefecture and Kure City, Hiroshima Prefecture on September 14st, and visited the disaster-stricken areas and visited them.^[222][223].

Cabinet Office

• Information communication room will be set up at 7:2 on July 13nd, and information countermeasures room will be set up at 30:7 on July 6th.^[8].
• At 7:8 on July 8thEmergency Disaster Response HeadquartersInstallation^{[Note 9]}.
• As of July 7, in 13 cities, 11 towns and 61 villages in 37 prefecturesDisaster Relief ActBe applicable^[225].
• As of July 7Disaster Reconstruction Life Support ActBut Kyoto^[226], Hyogo Prefecture^[227],Ehime Prefecture^[228],Hiroshima Prefecture^[229],Fukuoka Prefecture^[230],Shimane Prefecture^[231],Okayama Prefecture^[232],Gifu Prefecture^[233]Has been applied to.

National Police Agency

• Established Disaster Information Liaison Office headed by Disaster Countermeasures Office on June 6^[8].. Reorganized to the Disaster Security Headquarters headed by the Chief of the National Police Agency on July 7, and to the Emergency Disaster Security Headquarters headed by the Deputy Director of the National Police Agency on July 7.^[8].
• Ordered the dispatch of police disaster dispatch team, Kanto district, Chubu district and Kinki district wide area emergency assistance unit (security unit), Kyushu district wide area emergency assistance unit (security unit), special automobile police unit and special mobile investigation unit were formed^[8].

Fire department

• Headed by the First Aid Office Manager at 7:3 on July 11Fire departmentEstablished Disaster Countermeasures Office (primary emergency system), to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters (secondary system) headed by the Director of the Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention Department at 7 o'clock on July 6, and headed by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency at 9:20 on the same day. Moved to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters (tertiary emergency system)^[8]..In addition, Fire and Disaster Management Agency staff were dispatched to each local government.
• Chugoku-Shikoku / Tokai blocksEmergency fire support team, Air platoon from Kanto to Kyushu (Firefighting disaster prevention helicopter) Was requested to be dispatched.In the Aichi battalionOkazaki City Fire Department"Red Salamander" deployed in Japan was dispatched as an emergency fire support team^[234].

Japanese Meteorological Agency

• An extraordinary press conference was held from 7:5 on July 14th, calling for strict caution, saying, "In western and eastern Japan, heavy rains will occur around the 8th, and there is a risk of record heavy rains."It was unusual for the Japan Meteorological Agency to hold a press conference in advance to call for caution due to meteorological phenomena other than typhoons.^[235][236]..In addition, we used the disaster prevention hotline to maintain close contact with local governments.^[8].
• Disaster Response Headquarters established at 7:6 on July 17^[8].

Japan Coast Guard

• Headquarters Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters established at 7:7 on July 10^[8]。このほか、6月30日から7月4日にかけて各海上保安本部にも災害対策本部を設置した。7月9日6時45分現在、艦船のべ59隻、航空機のべ5機、リエゾン（Disaster Countermeasure Local Information Liaison) A total of 68 people are on alert^[8].. other than this,Navigation alertProvided information by utilizing^[8].

Ministry of Defense, SDF

• Established Ministry of Defense Disaster Countermeasures Liaison Office at 7:6 on July 13^[237].. Reorganized into the Ministry of Defense Disaster Countermeasures Office at 7:7 on July 10, and reorganized into the Ministry of Defense Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters at 20:7 on July 8.^[237].. From July 7th to July 6th, the governors of each prefecture made a series of disaster dispatch requests.^[238].
• At 7:11 on July 17, with the approval of the Prime Minister (Cabinet decision) regarding the order to convene disasters, etc. of the Ready Reserve Self-Defense Force, the Minister of DefenseCentral Army General ManagerIn response to the heavy rain in July 30Responsive Reserve SDFIssued "Self-Defense Forces Action Order on Implementation of Convocation Order for Disasters, etc. and Acceptance of Ready Reserve Self-Defense Force Officers Appeared"^[238].
• From 7 month 15 day,PFIPrivate-sector vessels contracted by method "Hakuo"use^[239].
• The convocation of the ready reserve self-defense officer was completed at 7:30 on July 23.^[240].
• All disaster dispatches were completed with a request for withdrawal from Okayama Prefecture on August 8.^[241].

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

• Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters established on July 7^[8].. As of 7:9 on July 6, in 45 prefecturesDisaster dispatch medical team(DMAT) 81 units are active or moving, 25 units are waiting or preparing^[8]It is said.Responsible for mental careDisaster dispatch mental health teamRegarding (DPAT), Hiroshima and Okayama prefectures have set up coordination headquarters. The Nagasaki team of DHEAT (Disaster Health Crisis Management Support Team) will be the first in Japan to be dispatched to the disaster area from July 7th.OkayamaKurashikiDispatched to^[242].

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

• On July 7, a disaster alert room headed by the General Affairs Division of the Minister's Secretariat was established. Reorganized into the Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, headed by the Minister's Secretariat on July 3.^[8].
• In addition to dispatching liaisons to local governments and supporting local government personnel, we also lend mobile phones and accept victims at local government employee mutual aid association accommodation facilities.^[8].

Ministry of Agriculture

• On July 7, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Disaster Information Liaison Office was established. Reorganized into the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Emergency Natural Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters on July 5.^[8]..In addition, disaster countermeasures headquarters were set up in Kinki, Chugoku-Shikoku, and Kyushu Regional Agricultural Administration Bureaus.^[8].
• Forestry Agency-Fisheries Agency・ Provided information on disaster prevention and disaster victim support by issuing notifications from external and internal stations such as the Management Bureau.^[8].

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

• Immediately after the disaster, on July 7, a special consultation desk was set up, disaster recovery loans were implemented, Safety Net Guarantee No. 6 was applied, measures were taken to ease the conditions for repayment of existing debt, and small business mutual aid disaster loans were applied. It was.
• On July 7, further support measures will be taken, such as the development and expansion of the support / consultation system and the expansion of financial support measures.
• On July 7, we requested the parent company through related organizations (17 organizations) to consider consideration for subcontracted SMEs, such as not canceling transactions due to the effects of heavy rain.
• In response to the designation of this disaster as a catastrophic disaster on July 7, special measures for SME credit insurance (application of disaster-related guarantees) and interest rate reductions for disaster recovery loans were implemented.
• On August 8, in the "July 2 Heavy Rain Life and Livelihood Reconstruction Support Package", group subsidies, sustainability subsidies, shopping district subsidies, expansion of cash flow support, etc. for disaster-affected SMEs and small businesses Announced additional support.Regarding some support measures, the Cabinet decided on August 30 to use a part of the general account reserve fund in FY7.

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

• 7月3日6時40分に国土交通本省非常体制、7月6日5時0分に四国地方整備局非常体制、20時45分に中国地方整備局非常体制^[243]Is announced respectively.
• The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters Meeting was held on July 7^[243].
• The 7st Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Emergency Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters Meeting was held on July 8^[243].
• As of July 7, 9 disaster countermeasure helicopters and 5 disaster countermeasure machines such as drainage pump vehicles are in operation.^[8]TEC-FORCE (including liaison) dispatch, etc. are underway^[8]And
• From July 7th, a large amount of driftwood and garbage due to heavy rain was confirmed in the wide sea from the Chubu region to Kyushu.Chubu Regional Development Bureau,Kinki Regional Development Bureau,Chugoku Regional Development Bureau,Shikoku Regional Development Bureau,Kyushu Regional Development BureauCollected to ensure the safety of general navigation vessels, such as the marine environment maintenance vessel "Ishizuchi" owned by^[244][245].

Ministry of the Environment

• On July 7th, we notified all prefectures of administrative communication regarding measures to be taken.^[246].

Local government

• Of the local government employees in Okayama, Hiroshima, and Ehime prefectures, which suffered the most damage, overtime work in JulyOverwork death lineThe number of people who exceeded 100 hours a month exceeded 2768.^[247].

Related crimes / problems

• In Okayama prefecture, there were a series of incidents that seemed to be aimed at disaster areas and shelters.Okayama Prefectural PoliceReceived 23 damage reports by the morning of the 7rd and caught the following 2 cases (including attempted)^[248].
• From a convenience store in Takahashi City, which was damaged and unmannedATMThree men try to destroy and steal cashtheftattemptedArrested by Okayama Prefectural Police on suspicion^[249].
• In Kurashiki City, two men were arrested by the Okayama Prefectural Police for trying to steal tires from a passenger car parked in a parking lot. The two said, "To steal tires in the (heavy rain) disaster area (the city).Mabi-choI went to, but I gave up because there were many people and changed the place. "^[250].
• In the three affected prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, and Ehime prefectures, parents have appeared to appeal to the prefectures and child guidance centers for physical and mental disorders of children.In Kurashiki City, there are also consultations with children affected by the disaster that "abuse and violence have become worse."Some of the childrenDevelopmental disordersThe child guidance center in Kurashiki City said, "It is possible that the state of mind has changed as the surrounding environment has settled down. I want parents to accept and respond to the changes without being upset." Is^[251].
• Kochi prefectureOtoyo TownOn the 18th, Congressman Koichiro Mitani was found to have had trouble urging the principal of the school to stay with an acquaintance at an elementary school in an evacuation center in Mabi-cho, Kurashiki City, where he volunteered.Representative Mitani and four acquaintances were refused accommodation by the principal and left the place once, but after drinking, they urged them to stay at the school again, and police officers joined and asked questions.Eventually the principal allowed the accommodation, and the four stayed in the corridor of the school building.Mayor Norio Iwasaki of Otoyo Town and Chairman Tokuji Sato, who learned about the trouble, visited the school on the 4th and apologized to the principal.Representative Mitani acknowledged the fact and resigned on August 4^[252][253].

Support activities

Of the three major telecommunications companiesKDDI-Softbank-NTT DoCoMoIs a public wireless LAN in the event of a disaster in Okayama and Hiroshima prefectures on July 7th, and in Ehime prefecture on the afternoon of the 7th.00000 JAPANWas released.In addition, it should be notedDisaster message boardIs the same year6/18Occurred inNorthern Osaka EarthquakeAs a result, it was already open^[254].

Kobe CitySet up a secretariat inInstitute (KISO) has been volunteering to prepare meals and listen in Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture since the afternoon of July 7th.^[255][256].

Japanese Red Cross SocietyThen, on July 7th, it was announced that it would start accepting donations of donations to the areas affected by the heavy rain from the following 9th.^[257].Nippon FoundationAlso held an emergency press conference on the 9th of the same day in the large conference room located on the 2nd floor of the Nippon Foundation Building, announced various support measures at that seat, and started accepting donations at the same time as the press conference on the day. ing^[258].

Japan AirlinesThen, from July 7th to July 10st, as support for the victims, boarding cooperation for disaster supporters (free boarding for reconstruction supporters), transportation cooperation for relief supplies (free transportation of relief supplies), donation 7 Donate 31 yen and solicit mileage donations using JAL Charity Miles^[259].

XNUM X Month X NUM X Day,Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc.とSanyo Broadcasting(RSK) will provide 200 mobile radios free of charge to support victims of Okayama Prefecture^[260]..This was announced at the Nippon Broadcasting System president's regular press conference held on the same day, and the radio prepared by Nippon Broadcasting System will be provided to the disaster area through RSK.

Japanet HoldingsSold disaster prevention goods on TV, radio, and online shopping on July 7th, and all sales were due to heavy rains in western Japan.Northern Osaka EarthquakeAnnounced to donate to the disaster area^[261][262]..The final donation amount is about 1 million yen^[263].

AKB48 GroupHas been on July 7th since March 13th, 2011 in the wake of the Great East Japan Earthquake."For someone" projectAnnounced that donations will be donated in addition to the target of support for the disaster area.^[264].

On July 7th, it was being held at that time.boat raceThe 23thOcean cup raceAll 52 boat racers who participated in the race are one of the participants, with 1 yen per racer = 1 yen in total.Tadanori HirataDonated to the Nippon Foundation through the Kitakyushu City Public Sports Bureau after collecting on behalf of^[265].

Johnny's OfficeAffiliated idol group ・stormAlso donated 2011 million yen (3 million yen in each prefecture) to the three prefectures of Hiroshima, Ehime, and Okayama from the proceeds of the event "ARASHI Waku Waku School" that has been held every year since the 1 Great East Japan Earthquake.^[266].. On June 7Matsumoto JunWill visit Hiroshima and Ehime on July 7Ninomiya KazuyaVisited Okayama to comfort the victims and donated donations and relief supplies to their respective governors.^[267][268]..In addition, Johnny & Associates launched "Smile Up! Project" to support this disaster and started activities to dispatch the talents and idols to which they belong.^[269].

Tamio OkudaHastily decided to hold a live performance "Easy Hikigatabire" and announced that it will donate the proceeds of the event and the full amount of the barrel donation to be raised at the venue.^[270].

YuzuAlso"Uta YellThe narration version of "" was recorded in a hurry and distributed on a music distribution site, and all proceeds were donated to support the disaster area.^[271].

Kamigata Rakugo AssociationAnnounced that it will hold a charity rakugo event in August and donate all proceeds^[272].

Yomiuri GiantsIt is,Yoshinobu TakahashiFrom the 32th of the same month, the auction site "Orange Soul 2017", where 17 players under the director put their autographs on the orange uniforms worn at "Orange Soul XNUMX" last season.Yahoo!Exhibited in.Held a charity auction to donate the entire winning bid to a fund that supports volunteer groups and NPOs engaged in relief and restoration activities in the disaster area.^[273].

YOSHIKI^[274],Yuzo Kayama^[275],Hiroki Kuroda^[276],Kenta Maeda^[277]Made a donation of 1000 million yen.

Certified NPO corporationPeace Winds JapanEntered the site immediately after the disaster and continued rescue activities, shelter support, supplies support, medical support, etc. in Okayama and Hiroshima prefectures until February 2019.^{[Source required]}.

At Hiroshima Prefectural GovernmentSanfrecce HiroshimaWith the cooperation, "Hiroshima Prefecture" Reconstruction Support PR Video "" was produced and released on YouTube's Hiroshima Prefecture Tourism Division account for a limited time from August 8st to December 31st.It will be used in the home game of Sanfrecce Hiroshima and related parts of the Hiroshima Prefecture Tourism Website.Also, from August 12th, "Hiroshima prefecture where you can goWe have set up a website to promote access and sightseeing in Hiroshima Prefecture.^[278].

Southern All StarsWill be released in August 2018Best album"Umi no Oh, Yeah!!』I donate a part of the profit as a donation^[279].

West Japan heavy rain reconstruction support art exhibitionCreator from the disaster area of ​​Hiroshima prefecture ,,Mukai AguruCalls.Creators such as manga who agreed have gathered and have been held at the Yamato Museum (Takaramachi, Kure City) since January 2019, and a traveling exhibition is being held.We are continuing activities such as supporting the disaster area, soliciting donations and making full donations along with tourism appeal.Nomura Shinbo,Dongfeng Takahiro,Mao Nanami,Hikaru Tanaka,Asami Hara,Mori chuck,Kanae Hazuki,Daisuke Imai,Ochazukenori,Ai Okaue,Haruka FukushimaMany famous writers are participating ^{[280] [281] [282] [283] [284]}

Many chartered bus operators in the Kinki area participated in the operation of the Kure Line substitute bus, and also from the Kyushu area.Showa Motor,Horikawa sightseeing busEtc. have joined the agency bus transportation. From August, we received an additional request from JR West.JR Hokkaido BusDispatched two chartered cars.

In addition, the following companies / organizations and individuals donate donations.

Reactions from around the world

• South KoreaAmbassador to Japan Su Hoon Lee was at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 23rd.Minister of Foreign Affairs OfTaro Kono"I pray that the disaster-stricken areas will be able to regain their happy daily lives as soon as possible. I think it is natural for neighboring countries to help each other because of the difficult times," he said with a donation of $ 100 million (about 1 million). I handed over the list of yen)^[313].
• People's Republic of ChinaPrime Minister OfLee Keqiang10th, at that timePrime Minister OfShinzo AbeA consolation telegram was sent to the address to express consolation to the victims of the Japanese people, and prayed that they could overcome the disaster and proceed with the reconstruction of their hometown.^[314].. July 7th, Chinese Ambassador to JapanCheng YonghuaFrom representatives of other Chinese companies in Japan to the Minister of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsSeiko NodaIn response, a list of donations of about 2,480 million yen was given.^[315].
• TaiwanPresident OfTsai EnglishOn July 7th, "TaiwanHowever, heavy rain damage is frequent, and we are experiencing the seriousness of the damage.Taiwan is ready to provide all the support Japan needs. "JapaneseでTwitterPosted in^[316].. September 7th外交部Announced to donate 2,000 million yen for disaster relief^[317].
• (I.e.Foreign Ministry spokesman Bahram Garsemie expressed his condolences to the bereaved families of the victims of the heavy rains in Japan and condolences to the victims on the 8th.^[318].
• トルコ OfRecep Tayyip ErdoganOn the 8th, the president sent a message of sympathy and condolences to Abe.In it, President Erdogan said, "We are ready to provide all the support that may be needed to heal the wounds caused by the disaster."Foreign Minister Chaushol of the country also said, "We would like to express our heartfelt tribute to the bereaved families and the Japanese government for the approximately 60 people who died in the floods in Hiroshima Prefecture. We pray for the swift recovery of the injured. In JapaneseTwitterPosted in^[319].
• Singaporeprime minister OfLee Hsien LoongOn the 8th, sent a letter to Abe, expressing his sympathy for the floods and landslides in western Japan, and expressing his condolences to Japan, the victims and their families on behalf of the Singaporean government.^[320].
• European Union (EU):at that timeChairman OfJean-Claude JunckerOn the 9th, at the telephone meeting with Abe, expressed his sympathy for the recent heavy rain disaster.^[321].
• Eur-lex.europa.eu eur-lex.europa.euPresident OfAlexander Vucic9th,EmperorHe sent an official letter to the address and expressed his condolences and condolences for the damage caused by the heavy rains in western Japan.In it, President Vuchich said, "We are ready to provide all kinds of support as Japanese friends.2014年I have not forgotten the support I received from Japan for the flood damage that struck Japan. "^[322]..In response to this, the government of the country decided to send a donation of about 12 million yen on the 6500th.^[323].
• Tibetan exile government OfThe Dalai Lama XIVAlso on the 9th, in a letter to Abe, he expressed his condolences and condolences to the disaster area.Also, as a measure to heal sadnessHannya SutraRecitative^[324].
• フィリピンPresident OfRodrigo Duterte9st,Presidential residenceAt the 27th Ministerial Meeting held in Japan, it was decided to send support including medicines.^[325].
• FrancePresident OfEmmanuel MacronOn the 10th, at a telephone conversation with Abe, he conveyed his sympathy for the heavy rains in western Japan to Abe.^[326].
• AmericaPresident OfDonald TrumpOn the 14th, prayed to the victims in the form of retweet Abe heading to Okayama and expressed his condolences.^[327].
• Thailandprime minister OfPlayut Chan OchaMeet with the Japanese ambassador to Thailand at the Prime Minister's Office on the 16th, donated about 1700 million yen as a donation to the heavy rains in western Japan, and prayed for reconstruction.^[328].. A donation of 200 million baht (about 660 million yen) was donated to the Japanese Red Cross Society from the "Thai Red Cross Volunteer Fund for Friends in Suffering"^[329].

Memorial / memorial

Victims are memorialized and memorialized in the disaster area^[330].

Efforts for future disaster prevention and mitigation

Following the restoration of the damaged infrastructure, local governments and the Japanese government are considering and implementing measures such as raising the embankment.^[331].

Analysis and research on heavy rain and its damage are also underway, and the Chugoku Regional Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismHiroshima UniversityAnd signed a memorandum of understanding on disaster prevention and mitigation measures on January 2019, 1.^[332]..In addition, verification was conducted on the problem that the dam discharge information was not transmitted to the downstream local governments and residents in the flooded Hijikawa (Ehime Prefecture).^[333].

In addition, the past left in the disaster areaDisaster traditionWas noticed again^[334].

In the wake of this heavy rain, "Heavy rain alert levelStarted operation^[335].

footnote

注 釈

Source

Related item

• List of natural phenomena named by the Japan Meteorological Agency

外部 リンク

• About heavy rain from July 7th - Prime minister's residence
• Record heavy rainfall in western and eastern Japan - Japanese Meteorological Agency
• Heavy rain in July XNUMX Flood and flooding of rivers in Gujo City, Gifu Prefecture - YouTube

Japanese archipelago(Japanese Archipelago, Japanese Archipelago,Japanese archipelago) IsEurasiaOff the eastern coastEast AsiaLocated in, alsoThe Pacific OceanLocated in the northwestern coastal areaArc archipelagoone of^[*2].. There are several theories about the range, but all of them cover almost the entire area.JapanTerritory^[2]It has become. The Japanese archipelago is the name of the archipelago and is a concept independent of the state and territory, but in Japan it is also confused as a word meaning Japanese territory. About the Japanese archipelago as Japan's territoryGeography of japanSee.

The archipelago is wide and has a width of about 300km and a length of about 3500km. The area covering 75% of the land area is mountainous areas and foothills, and there is little flat land. MostlyWarm and humid climateBelongs torainy season,typhoon,Also(I.e.Due to the influence of heavy snowfallErosionIs intense^[3].

The surroundingsSea of ​​Japan,Sea of ​​Okhotsk,The Pacific Ocean,Philippine SeaSurrounded by. On the Pacific side of the archipelagoKuril-Kamchatka Trench,Japan Trench,Izu/Ogasawara Trench,Nankai TroughThere are deep trenches such as, and the whole is an active area where crustal movements and orogenic activities are active.^[4].. In addition, it is said that about 10% of the volcanoes confirmed on the earth are in the Japanese archipelago.^[5].

GeologySpecifically,Eurasia plateEast end andNorth American plateLocated at the southwestern tip of. Under these two continental platesPacific plateとPhilippine Sea PlateIt is believed that the subduction of the two oceanic plates in the continent resulted in an arc-shaped archipelago separated from the continent.^[*3].

EoceneThe prototype was formed from around (5,600 million years ago-3,400 million years ago),Miocene(2,300 million years ago-530 million years ago)Sea of ​​JapanWas formed and separated from the Eurasian continent.

範 囲

The interpretation of the range of the Japanese archipelago changes depending on whether it is based on topography or cultural regions.^{[Source required]}.. In general, there are two ways of thinking and views, narrow and broad.

The range of the Japanese archipelago in the narrow sense isHokkaido(Hokkaido),Honshu(Honshu),Shikoku(Shikoku),KyusyuThe four islands of Kyushu and the islands that accompany them.^[*4].

The scope of the Japanese archipelago in a broad sense is the four islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu and the islands associated with them.Kuril Islands,Nansei Islands.

In terms of geological structure, it is an archipelago consisting of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, excluding the Kuril Islands and Nansei Islands.Aleutian IslandsIncludingAsia continentIt is a part of the Kasai archipelago that hangs down on the eastern edge.^[6][*5].

Sakhalin IslandとTaiwan IslandAdd^[7], And the Nansei Islands,Izu Islands,Ogasawara Islands, The Kuril Islands may be added^[*6][*7].

Origin and current terrain

The current Japanese archipelago is mainlyAdductと 呼 ば れ るoceanMade ofSedimentIt consists of. Once near Japan was the edge of the Eurasian continent,PaleozoicWas brought from the continentsand,mud AccumulationWas (currentlyHokurikuNorth,GifuHida region,San'inNorthern part etc.). There, far offshoreMarine plateAccumulated oncoral,RadiolariaConsists ofrock(Limestone,chart) Is moving and that isTrenchWhen sneaking in, it was pressed against the plate of the Asian continent while mixing with sediments from the land (addition). Since this addition has continued intermittently to the present, the Japanese archipelago is made of rock that is older on the Sea of ​​Japan side and newer toward the Pacific Ocean side.

While the ocean plate sneaks into the continental plate by such a mechanism, mainlyJurassic - CretaceousThe prototype of the Japanese archipelago was formed by involving the original rock on the edge of the Asian continent 4-5 million years ago and the fragments of old plates that had been carried, using the rock added to the skeleton. At this point Japan is not yet an archipelago, but now South AmericaAndesIt is probable that the situation was like this.

after that,MioceneThis time the Japanese archipelago is torn from the continentCrustal movementAnd lowlands began to form on the continent^[*8].. 2100 million-1100 million years ago, the rupture was even bigger,Southwest Japan TheNagasakiTsushimaRotate 40-50 degrees clockwise around the southwest, at the same timeNortheastern japanIs HokkaidoShiretoko PeninsulaIt is said that it rotated 40-50 degrees counterclockwise, centering on the offshore area. As a result, the area north of Kanto in the current Japanese archipelago extends north-south, and the area west of central Japan extends east-west. This is the so-called "double door model theory". Then, about 1500 million years ago, a large depression that became the Sea of ​​Japan was formed, and the sea invaded and expanded to the size of the current Sea of ​​Japan.^[*9].

From 1600 million years ago to 1100 million years ago, a fairly large area of ​​southwestern Japan (now west of the Chubu region) was land. Northeastern Japan (now the Tohoku region) was widely covered by the sea and was in the state of the archipelago. After that, northeastern Japan was uplifted by compression from the east and west by the Pacific plate and became land, and the current Ou Mountains and Dewa Hills were formed.^[8].

Hokkaido was originally a continuation of northeastern Japan (now western Hokkaido)KarafutoIt is formed by joining three terrains, the north-south terrain (central Hokkaido) and the Chishima arc (eastern Hokkaido). Nansei IslandsIs the newest island arc in the Japanese island arc, which was part of the continent before 600 million years ago, but was completely separated from the continent due to a rift at the edge of the continent, and is an island arc with coral reefs. It has been since 150 million years ago^[9].

There was a shallow sea between Southwest Japan and Northeast Japan, but since this eraSediment,Volcanic ejectaTohoku Japan is uplifted by being compressed from the east while being gradually filled withCentral highlands-Japan AlpsIt became. A new stratum between Southwest Japan and Northeast JapanFossa MagnaThe western edge isItoigawa Shizuoka Structural Line, The eastern edgeShibata Koide Tectonic LineとKashiwazaki Chiba Tectonic LineSo, on both sides of this tectonic line, strata of completely different times are in contact.

Thus, although imperfect, todayArc archipelagoWhat appeared in the form ofTertiaryPlioceneIt was around the beginning of. Especially after thatIce ageAt that time, the sea level dropped, and it was often connected to the continent. For exampleStrait of TartaryBecause it is shallow, Outer Manchuria, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido were often contacted by overpasses. Since the Tsugaru and Tsushima Straits are as deep as 130-140 meters, the time when they became overpasses was limited. Also,Nansei IslandsThen, both the Tokara Strait (south of Kagoshima) and the Kerama Strait (south of Okinawa Island) have a water depth of over 1000 meters.QuaternaryIt is unlikely that it became an overpass in the second half. The fact that the biota of the Nansei Islands shows the characteristics of remote islands, such as the large number of endemic species and the small number of species, is thought to be due to the extremely old age away from the continent. In the overpass problem, the Tsugaru StraitPlioceneIt was open to the end, and the Tsushima Strait was open during the opening of the Sea of ​​Japan, but is thought to have closed from the end of the Miocene to the Pliocene.^[10].

The last glacial period is over, minus about 60mSoya StraitWas submerged under the surface of the seaPleistoceneFrom the end ofHoloceneThe beginning of the year, that is, about 1 to 3,000 years ago.

• 

  In the early Miocene, the separation of continental margins due to subduction becomes active. *MaIs a million years ago (Mega annum)-a unit of time mainly used in geology

• 

  Late Pliocene-In the early Pleistocene, the expansion of the Sea of ​​Japan ended and the island arcs were arranged closer to the present.

• 

  Around 2 years before the end of the Pleistocene, the terrain is almost the same as it is today,Last glacial periodSea level drops due to the peak seasonSea of ​​JapanThe strait that connects the open ocean was very narrow.

The current Japanese archipelago is topographically

• The main arc of the Japanese archipelago consisting of Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and the surrounding islands
• Kyushu / Ryukyu arc consisting of Kyushu and Nansei Islands
• Eastern Hokkaido (part of)
• Izu Peninsula (Izu / Ogasawara / Mariana ArcPart of)

And so on.

In each case, there is a narrow continental shelf on the east or south side of the island, and off the coast.Subduction zone(Trench-trough)Trench earthquakeOccurs frequently. Mountain ranges and volcanic belts are connected in parallel to this subduction zone as a whole. Elongated basins and plains are scattered between the mountains and along the sea. Japan's largest plainKanto PlainIs exceptionally wide, and the reason for its formation has not been clarified in detail, but it can be mentioned that it is located in Fossa Magna, where the depth of the basement rock is deep, and that three plates overlap. generallyEarthquakeThere are many occurrences of terrain, and there are many rugged terrains.

climate

The Pleistocene, which began about 200 million years agoIce ageIt is also called, and the colder period (glacial period) and the warmer period (interglacial period) are repeated alternately. It was also an era of severe climate change. The resulting changes in topography and crustal movements caused by volcanic eruptions were also severe. At the height of the glacial period, the average annual temperature dropped by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius. As a result, glaciers developed in both the north and south poles, of course, but glaciers developed in the high mountains of the Northern Hemisphere and in a wide area, and the seawater decreased and the sea level dropped. The amount of decrease was about 140 m below the current sea level. However, beyond the final glacial period, the global climate has entered a period of warming, thickly deposited glaciers have begun to melt, and sea level has gradually risen.

• Geological ageDescription of classification
  • TertiaryIs between about 6,500 million years ago and about 170 million years ago, and is further divided into Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. Pliocene refers to 510 million to 170 million years ago.
  • QuaternaryIs from 170 million years ago to the present, and is divided into the Pleistocene and Holocene, and is also called the human era or the human era. The Pleistocene is known as the glacial period, and the Holocene is known as the postglacial period. In Japan, the Pleistocene is sometimes called the Holocene, and the Holocene is sometimes called the Okizumi.

HoloceneThen,TemperateWarmMonsoon climateBelongs to, but in the southSubtropical climate, In the northCold temperate climateUnder the influence of^[11].

(I.e.

Until 4000 million years agoSea of ​​JapanThe Japanese archipelago was part of the continent. About 7 years ago, from the northMammoth,Elk,reindeer,Brown bear,Pika,Red foxFrom the southNaumann Elephant,Bighorn deer,Antelope,Sika deer,Asiatic black bear,Japanese macaqueEtc. have moved. Like the animals, it is estimated that the Paleolithic people of the continent followed them and migrated from the continent. After that, when the Japanese archipelago was separated from the continent, those animals and human beings would also undergo their own evolution.

Estimated by ax-shaped stone tools

1973年(Showa48 years),TokyoFuchu-shiMusashidai OfMusashidai RuinsとChibaTherefore, a ground stone tool with a polished blade was excavated. The excavated layer is in the Xth layer of Tachikawa Loam about 40,000-30,000 years ago, and its distribution covers the entire archipelago. These are the oldest examples of polishing in the world at the moment, but they were concentrated 3-4 years ago and do not appear until the early days. But thesePolished stonewareBy excavation ofPaleolithic period in the Japanese archipelagoHuman inhabitation is shown^[12].

Estimated by fossil human bones

Volcanic ashJapan covered infossilIs hard to remain, and fossil human bones are rarely found.

Long time agoAichiToyohashiFound in "UshikawaIs the oldest (about 20 years ago)Old man), But2001年(HeiseiThe possibility of human bones has been almost denied by the reassessment of 13) (it is considered to be animal bones such as Naumann elephants).

The oldest human skeleton found in Honshu, after a reassessment of what was previously considered a fossil human skeleton at the beginning of this century, isShizuokaHamamatsu cityExcavated inHamakita(About 1 years ago).

Found in relatively good storageOkinawaYaese TownFound at the Minatogawa quarryMinatogawaIs 1 years agoNewcomerIs. It corresponds to the Late Pleistocene or the Late Paleolithic. Slightly primitive and sturdy head and face with well-developed supraorbital and glabellar ridges, petite physique, delicate upper body, relatively sturdy lower body featuresJomon peopleIt is said that it has features that lead to.

Incidentally,JapaneseThe Jomon people, who have their roots inEurasiaIt is said that it came from.

Gene estimation

Found about 35% of the time in JapaneseY-chromosome haplogroup D1a2 strainIs considered to be the type of modern human being that first reached the Japanese archipelago, and is said to have been born in the Japanese archipelago 3.7-3.8 years ago.^[13].

Animals/plants

The Japanese archipelago and its coastal waters are one of the world's leading endemic speciesbiodiversityIt is known as an area with. In particular, the sea near Japan is the sea with the world's largest biodiversity in marine life, and 14.6% of all marine species are distributed.^[14][15].. But because of Japan's high population density and developed industryEndangered speciesThere are 34 regions that are in danger of being destroyed by human beings while having extremely high biodiversity on a global scale.Hot spot) Is listed in^[16].

Chronological Table

Japan and the Japanese archipelago

The origin of the name of the Japanese archipelagoJapanIs. In ancient Japan, "Great island country, great eight island countryWas also called (Oyashima no Kuni)^[*10].

Even now, the main country of JapanterritoryIt is sometimes used to express Japan from a geographical point of view. In the consciousness of the Japanese people, "Japanese archipelago" and "Japan" may be equated.

footnote

注 釈

Source

References

• Kazuo Fujita "Fluctuating Japanese Archipelago" Iwanami Shoten〈Iwanami Shinsho>, 1985 ISBN-4 00-420306-6
• Hira Asahiko "The Birth of the Japanese Archipelago" Iwanami Shoten <Iwanami Shinsho>, 1990 ISBN-4 00-430148-3
• Yasuji Saito "Reading the history of the Japanese archipelago" Iwanami Shoten <How to read the series Natural Landscape 8>, 1992 ISBN-4 00-007828-3
• Yoko Ota・ ・ Kiyotaka Chinzei ・Michio Nogami-Machida Hiroshi・ Tokihiko Matsuda, Geomorphology of the Japanese Archipelago, University of Tokyo Press, 2010.ISBN 978-4-13-062717-7.

Related item

• Geological era
• Adduct
• Japan
• (I.e.,Island country,List of island nations in the world (countries whose territory consists entirely of islands)
• Native, Remote island,Yoshima
• List of islands in Japan
• Geography of japan
• Japanese plain,Japanese mountains,Japanese river,Japanese lake
• Region of Japan
• List of Japanese local governments,Regional block of Japan
• Geography of asia,Asia,East Asia
• World geography
• List of islands in the world
• Area ranking of world islands, English version

外部 リンク

• Island area As of October 21, 10^{[Broken link]} Geographical Survey Institute
• 20/1 Japan Seamless Geological Map National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
• Draft San Francisco Treaty Japan Ofterritoryに つ い て
• Movie "Birth of Japan -History of the People-" - Science picture museumFrom the website <<→ YouTube version"

At the beginning of this movie, the origin of the Japanese archipelago is explained. For more information on this movie, see "History of Japan-Movie "Birth of Japan-History of the People-"See