α-tocopherol
Molecular weight	430.79
CAS Registry Number	59-02-9
Melting point	3 ° C
Boiling point	235 ° C

Vitamin E(Vitamin E) isFat-soluble vitaminsIs a kind of.TocopherolAlso called (tocopherol), especiallyD-α-tocopherol is widespread and universal in natureplant,Algae, Blue-green algae, etc.photosynthesisSynthesized by living organisms.Medicine,Food,feedEtcdiseasetreatment of,NutritionReplenishment,Food additive OfAntioxidantIt is widely used as.

The cyclic part of the structure of vitamin E is a trivial name.ChromaneIt is a structure called. Attach to this romaneMethyl groupIt is classified into different types of tocopherols depending on the position and presence of.Human capitalThen.D-α-tocopherol has the strongest activity, mainlyAntioxidantIs believed to work as. Its role as an antioxidantmetabolismCaused byFree radicalsIt is to protect the cells from.

History

1922/ToThe United States of America Of(English edition）With (Herbert M. Evans)(English edition）Discovered by (Katharine S. Bishop).

Construction

Tocopherol is a methylated derivative of tocol. The annular part in the structure is a trivial nameChromaneIt is a structure called, and it is attached to this chromanMethyl groupThere are four types, α, β, γ, and δ, depending on the position and presence of. In addition, tocotrienols, which have a large number of double bond portions in the hydrocarbon chain portion of tocopherol, also have activity as vitamin E. TocotrienolsRice oilIt is abundant in vitamins, etc., and shows the same level of antioxidant power in vitro as compared to tocopherol, but 40-60 times higher antioxidant power in cells.^[1].. Oral ingestion of tocotrienols in vivostrokeBelieved to prevent related cerebrovascular accidents^[2].

The structures of tocopherol and tocotrienol are shown below.

The substitution position of the methyl group and the activity ratio of tocopherol are as follows.

Features

Vitamin E becomes a vitamin E radical by eliminating free radicals, and prevents the chain oxidation of lipids by free radicals. The generated vitamin E radicalsVitamin CSuch asAntioxidantRegenerated to vitamin E^[3]

Free radicalsDNA,proteinBy attackinggunIt can also be the cause ofLipid peroxidationByLipidIn a chainOxidationIs supposed to be^[4].

Intake standards

In the past, the required amount was displayed as α-tocopherol equivalent (mgα-TE), butMinistry of Health, Labor and WelfareThe 2010 version of the dietary intake standard established by stipulates a standard intake (AI) and an upper tolerable upper intake level (UL) of α-tocopherol alone. Since most of the vitamin E homologues present in blood and tissues are α-tocopherols, we have established dietary intake standards for vitamin E using only α-tocopherols as an index.^[5].

• Standard amount
  • Adult male (18-29 years) 7 mg / day
  • Adult female (18-29 years old) 6.5 mg / day
• Maximum amount
  • Adult male (18-29 years) 800 mg / day
  • Adult female (18-29 years old) 650 mg / day

* Vitamin E 1 mg = 1 IU (International unit) Is converted to.

Foods containing a lot

Foods high in vitamin E are:

• Sunflower oil(Sunflower oil),Cottonseed oil,Safflower oil(Safflower oil),Rice bran oil,Corn oilSuch asgreaseclass
• Almond,Peanut,soySuch asNutsclass
• caviar,How much,FishSuch asfish eggsclass
• Blue fish
• mayonnaise

Deficiency

Premature babyAtHemolytic anemia,Deep senseIt is known to cause abnormalities and cerebellar ataxia.Biological membraneでActive oxygenIf there isLipid peroxidationByLipid peroxideIs generated in a chain, the membrane is damaged,Red blood cellThen.HemolysisBiological membrane dysfunction occurs, such as^{[7][Reliability required verification]}. Also,infertility,Muscle atrophyDisease,EncephalomalaciaIt is said to causeVegetable oilIt is said that it will not be deficient in a normal diet because it is abundant in.

• Yellow steatosis

Idiopathic vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency has relatively constant clinical symptoms regardless of cause. In some cases, it is almost indistinguishable from neurological symptomsRetinitis pigmentosaThe difference is that it is accompanied by. Basic neurological symptoms are deep and marked deep sensory deficits in the lower extremities, posterior ataxia,DysarthriaAnd the disappearance of the limb tendon reflex. Deep sensory deficits are severe, vibration sensation disappears, and limb joint position sensation is severe. In some patients, retinitis pigmentosa,Babinski sign, Admit tremor.Intellectual disability,Nystagmus, No fasciculations, no autonomic symptoms. HeadMRIThen.cerebellum,BrainstemNo atrophy or abnormal signal area is observed. On spinal cord MRISpinal cordAbnormality may be observed in. Electrophysiological findings show that the median nerveSEPIn N13, the disappearance of cortical potential is observed, but the potential of peripheral nerves is observed. The treatment method is intramuscular injection of vitamin E when malabsorption is accompanied, and when it is not malabsorption, mild oral improvement of neurological symptoms and cessation of progression can be expected.

Excess disease

If taken in excess, bones will be lost and brittleOsteoporosisThe results of animal experiments have been reported to increase the risk of becoming. Excessive intake is not recommended because it is fat-soluble and easily accumulates in the body.^[8].

Effect

• Basic research

radiationBy irradiation ofRed blood cellA hemolytic reaction occurs in theActive oxygenThis is due to the destruction of the membrane due to the reaction of lipid peroxidation. In studies using rats, administration of vitamin E caused hemolysis of red blood cells by radiation andOrganelleIsMitochondria, Microsome,RibosomeThe lipid peroxidation reaction was significantly suppressed.SODShowed a similar effect^[9].

Interaction

• There is an interaction between Vitamin E and Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), which reduces the amount or activity of Vitamin K1 in the body.

Source

References

By year of issue

• Kaname Aono, Michio Yamamoto "Consideration on the involvement of superoxide generating system (O〓), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E in radiation injury"Okayama Medical Society Magazine," Vol. 90, No. 9-10, 1978, pp. 1297-1308, two:10.4044 / joma1947.90.9-10_1297. Note: The title is "Super Oxide Generating System () And super ... "garbled characters.
• Fumiko Hirahara "Vitamin E and antioxidant"Nutrition Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 4, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1994, pp. 205-206."
• Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A; et al (2005). “Neuroprotective Properties of The Natural Vitamin E α-Tocotrienol”. Stroke 36 (10): 2258-64. two:10.1161 / 01.STR.0000181082.70763.22. PMC 1829173. PMID 16166580. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829173/. 
• Kuji Taniguchi, Hiroyuki Hashimoto, Asao Hosoda and others "Functionality of rice bran-containing ingredients and their improvement"Journal of the Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2012, pp. 301-318, two:10.3136 / nskkk.59.301.
• "Chapter 2 Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan Excel (Japanese version) — Oils and fats(Xlsx) "Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (2015th revision)" Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, December 12.https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/science/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/02/14/1365344_1-0214r9.xlsx. 
• Akira Hishida; Choji Nakamura; Satoshi Sasaki et al.Chapter 2 Details — 1-6 Vitamin §1 Fat-soluble Vitamin (1) Vitamin E (PDF) "" Japanese Dietary Intake Standards (2015 Edition) "Development Study Group Report",Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, September 2018, pp. 3-176.

Related item

• Vitamin E derivative

外部 リンク

• Vitamin E commentary -"Health food" safety and efficacy information (National Institute of Health and Nutrition）
• Vitamin E (tocopherol) -Same
• Vitamin E -(Oregon University, Linus Pauling Institute) Japan Micronutrient Information Center:Niigata Pharmaceutical UniversityJoint research project with
• Vitamin E and Skin Health(English) -Same

"Vegetable fiberIs different from.

Dietary fiberIs a person'sdigestive enzymeBydigestionHard to befoodIs a general term for indigestible ingredients contained in. Many of themplantsex,Algaesex,FungiSex foodCell wallIt is a component that makes up theGlucomannan,InulinThere are not a few that behave nutritionally as dietary fiber. Chemically, it is often a polysaccharide of carbohydrates.

Overview

Traditionally, it has been considered useless without being digested. Later I found out that it was useful,JapaneseThe target amount to be ingested is set by the dietary intake standard of^[1].. However, as is clear from the definitionNutrientsis not.

Human capital OfDigestive tractIs on my ownStarch,glycogenCan not digest many polysaccharides other thancolon内 のIntestinal bacteriaDislikefermentationBy,Short chain fatty acids,methane,carbon dioxide,hydrogenBe decomposed into. 83% of short chain fatty acidsAcetic acid,Propionic acid,Butyric acidThe production ratio is 60:20:20. Most of the short chain fatty acids produced are absorbed from the large intestine. Acetic acid serves as an energy source for the host, propionic acid is used as a source of gluconeogenesis in the liver, and butyric acid is preferentially used as an energy source for colon cells.^[2].. Most of the dietary fiber is cellulose,celluloseThe utilization capacity is unexpectedly high, and it is said that powdered cellulose can be decomposed and utilized almost 100% via intestinal bacteria. Starch produces about 4 kcal/g of energy, while dietary fiber produces energy by fermentation degradation by intestinal bacteria, the value of which is not constant, but the effective energy is considered to be 0 to 2 kcal/g. .. The desirable intake of dietary fiber is 19 g/day or more for adult males and 17 g/day or more for adult females.^[1].. Dietary fiber is converted into a degradable product that can be absorbed by humans by intestinal bacteria in the large intestine, so it has the characteristic of being absorbed as energy in the body after a long time after eating, contributing to the leveling of energy absorption. There is. The function of the large intestine is predicated on the presence of dietary fiber, and its deficiency leads to dysfunction of the large intestine. Dietary fiber NSP^[3]Sometimes called (non-starch polysaccharide).

History

1918/, A doctorJohn Harvey KelloggIs "home addiction"^[4]Based on the theory of self-poisoning that the poison that bacteria make from undigested protein in the intestine damages health, the bacteria easily propagate in undigested meat, but dietary fiber stimulates the intestine. Because it makes it more activeVegetarianWas recommended^[5].

However, on the other hand, nutrition has been recognized as a "food waste" and has been recognized as useless for many years. For example, the founder of nutritionSaiki RitsuIt is,brown riceHad a lot of nutrients, but there was a lot of undigested material, so the efficiency of digestion and absorption was poor, so I recommended the rice that had been polished to a certain degree^[6].

George Oettle of South Africa in the 1960s was doing a study on the relationship between dietary fiber and colon cancer. In 1967, Malhotra, India, reported high dietary fiber intake reduced cancer risk^[7].

Around 1970, Burkitt^[8]Developed Ottle's researchLancetResearch report^[9][10]And the theory that low dietary fiber would increase the risk of intestinal illness became widely known. Burkitt co-authored with Hugh Trowell in 1975, "Refined Carbohydrates and Diseases-Effects of Dietary Fiber"^[11]Published and is ungrained grainWhole grainDietary fiber was beneficial and this was confirmed by scientific studies^[12].

In Japan, the "2000th revised Japanese nutritional requirements in 6"^[13]The target amount has been set for the intake amount.

Classification and type

It can be roughly divided into (SDF: soluble dietary fiber) and (IDF: insoluble dietary fiber).It may be classified by viscosity or fermentability.

Water soluble/insoluble

Soluble fiber

• Pectin -Is an intercellular adhesion substance in the cell wall of plants,fruitIncluded in
• Guar beans enzymatic degradation product - Thickening stabilizer(Food additiveUsed as)
• Glucomannan -A stored carbohydrate of konjac potato,KonjacRaw material.Most of the solidified konjac is insoluble dietary fiber.
• β-glucan
• Polydextrose --Chemically synthesized artificial water-soluble dietary fiber
• Fructan - Rakkyo^[14],Jerusalem artichoke,ア ー テ ィ チ ョ ー クIncluded inFructoseIt is a polymer of molecules.Inulin,Levan, Is also included in fructan.
• Inulin - Burdock,Jerusalem artichokeな どAsteraceaeStored carbohydrates in plant roots and rhizomes
• Gum arabic - AcaciaGum arabic(Senegal acacia), or its relativesbarkDried secretions from wounds
• Maltitol
• Psyllium
• Indigestibilityoligosaccharide
• Indigestible dextrin

(Water-soluble dietary fiber contained in seaweed)

• Agarose - SeaweedOut ofRed algaeIs a major constituent of the cell wall of erythrocytes and is extracted from red algaecold dayThe main component of
• Sodium alginate - SeaweedOut ofBrown algaeIs a major component of the cell wall ofKombuIncluded in
• Carrageenan -Such asRed algaePolysaccharides abundant in
• Fucoidan,Porphyran,Laminaran^[15]

Insoluble dietary fiber

• cellulose,Hemicellulose,Lignin -PlantCell wallIs the main component ofVegetablesIt is often obtained from plant foods. It is estimated that the Japanese consume an average of 15 g/day of dietary fiber, of which 12 g is insoluble dietary fiber and most of it is cellulose.^[16].
• Kitchen,Chitosan - crustaceanShell ofFungiMain components such as cell walls of

Having the characteristics of both insoluble and water-soluble dietary fiber

• Resistant starch(Indigestible starch)

Viscous/inviscid

When melted, it turns into a gel, which slows nutrient absorption.^[17]

Viscous dietary fiber

• Pectin
• β-glucan
• Guar gum
• Psyllium

Non-viscous dietary fiber

• cellulose
• Lignin

Fermentable/non-fermentable

Fermented by bacteria in the large intestineShort chain fatty acids(SCFA) and gas (fart) are produced.^[17]

Fermentable dietary fiber

• Pectin
• β-glucan
• Guar gum
• Psyllium
• Inulin
• Fructooligosaccharide (FOS)

Non-fermentable dietary fiber

• cellulose
• Lignin

Effect

The water-soluble dietary fiber contained in ripe fruits, etc.Blood glucose levelOf rapid rise in^[18][19]AndcholesterolHas been reported to suppress the absorption of

Insoluble dietary fiber contained in vegetables, grains, beans, etc. promotes peristaltic movement of the large intestine.

As the effect of dietary fiber,Dyslipidemiaprevention,constipationprevention,obesityprevention,Diabetes mellitusPrevent, regulate lipid metabolismArteriosclerosisPrevention ofColorectal cancerPrevention of othersIntestinal bacteriabyVitamin BIt was confirmed that the groups were synthesized and the elimination of toxic substances in food was promoted. By analyzing the dietary fiber intake of the elderly people of the longevity district and the intestinal microflora of the same person, when the intake of dietary fiber is high, useful bacteria in the prime of working age (BifidobacteriaEtc. are dominant and harmful bacteria (C. perfringensEtc.) was suppressed. In addition, this useful bacterium prevents intestinal rot,ImmunologyIt was found to have effects such as strengthening, protection against intestinal infection, and promotion of intestinal motility.

Is an essential nutrient in the digestive tractcalciumAlso binds to and inhibits absorption from the intestinal tract^[20].

in Japan,Food for specified health useDisplay of (Tokuho) is authorized^[21].

2003 years,who(WHO)United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) ``Eating, nutrition and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases^[22] ''(Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases) Reported lowering the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease, such as vegetables and fruits and brown rice.Whole grainIs recommended to be taken from.

A paper by NW Read and JM Timms entitled "Does Light See Through the Tunnel?"^[23]Then, "By dietary fiber,constipationIs less likely to alleviate."

2007 year 11 month 1 dayWorld Cancer Research FundとAmerican Cancer Research AssociationCancer Prevention Report Analyzed From Over 7000 Studies by^[24]Suggests that it may have implications for the prevention of colon and rectal cancer.

Relationship with dietary fiber intake was examinedLifestyle-related diseasesAre various,Myocardial infarctionOnset and death ofDiabetes mellitusThere are many research reports that have a negative association with the onset of. It is also a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseblood pressureAndserum(Orplasma）LDL cholesterolA negative association has also been suggested. further,obesityThere are also many epidemiological studies that have been linked to. on the other hand,cancer, Especially the large intestine (colonAndRectum) Recent studies on epidemiologic studies do not always match the association with cancer^[1].. "Ingestion of dietary fiber was touted as a healthy and healthy diet, reducing the risk of various illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, diverticulopathy, and constipation." Despite what he believed, dietary fiber had little effect on reducing the risk of colorectal cancer."^[25].

Obesity prevention

Water-soluble dietary fiber swells in the stomach to enlarge the food bolus, increase viscosity, prolong the residence time in the stomach and give a feeling of fullness, and insoluble dietary fiber increases the number of times of chewing food and secretes saliva and gastric juice. The effect is shown by encouraging and enlarging the bolus.

We conducted a dietary survey of female students aged 18 to 20 and found thatGI valueThe higher the group (relatively representing the speed at which carbohydrates are digested and converted to sugar)Body mass index(BMI) (value indicating the degree of obesity) was high, and the BMI value was lower in the group with a higher dietary fiber intake.^[26].

Cholesterol elevation suppression

Water-soluble dietary fiber is effective, water-soluble dietary fiber suppresses absorption of dietary cholesterol, promotes catabolism, metabolism and excretion of cholesterol,bile acidIt promotes metabolism and excretion by inhibiting reabsorption from the ileum.

Suppression of blood sugar rise

Water-soluble dietary fiber creates a viscous solution that slows food transfer from the stomach to the small intestine. In addition, it has a diffusion inhibitory action, water absorption/swelling action, adsorption action, etc., and the ingested food is digested in the stomach, slowly transferred and adsorbed, and the absorption rate becomes slow, resulting in slow absorption of glucose and blood glucose. Suppress rise in value^[27].

Water-soluble dietary fiber contained in ripe fruits (indigestibledextrin) Is suppression of rapid rise in blood glucose level after meal^[28][29]Effects have been reported.

PectinWas taken with food, blood glucose elevation was suppressed and insulin secretion was also suppressed^[30][31].. PectinSugar beet,Sunflower , Red sea bream (Orange),grapefruit,lime,LemonOrAppleIt is often contained in fruits such as.

"PectinSee also

Glucomannan TheKonjacIt is a water-soluble dietary fiber that is abundant inglucoseWhen taken simultaneously, glucomannan had an inhibitory effect on blood glucose elevation. This may be due to inhibition of glucose diffusion due to the viscosity of glucomannan.cellulose,PullulanNo effect was observed in. Although pullulan is highly viscous, it is digested by digestive enzymes in the human body.^[31].

Sodium alginateIs mainlyBrown algaeincludePolysaccharideIt is a kind ofblood sugarHas the effect of suppressing the rise,DisaccharideStudies have shown that the inhibitory effect of degrading enzymes was also effective in suppressing blood sugar elevation^[32].. Also, for ricecold dayWhen added and ingested, the maximum after eating compared to cooked rice onlyBlood glucose levelDecreases,GI valueHas been found to decrease^[33].

Of soluble fiberInulinAbout Jumbo Riki (odorlessgarlic,Jumbo garlic) Dry powder (Inulin(60% content) was given to diabetic model rats with food, and the elevation of postprandial blood glucose was suppressed.^[34].. When inulin was administered to 2 women with type 49 diabetes, fasting blood glucose levelsGlycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),MalondialdehydeIs observed,Superoxide dismutaseThe activity ofAntioxidantIncreased ability was recognized^[35].

Next plant (Jerusalem artichoke,Dahlia,Burdock,ア ザ ミ,Dandelion,Yam,ア ー テ ィ チ ョ ー ク(Korea)Chicory,onion,garlic,AgaveContains a high concentration of inulin, which is a water-soluble dietary fiber.

"InulinSee also

OatMost of the soluble fiber inβ-glucanIs. About β-glucan derived from oats in bloodcholesterolPrice increase suppression effect,Blood glucose levelRise suppression effect, blood pressure lowering effect, defecation promoting effect,ImmunologyA large number of reports have been reported, mainly in Europe and the United States, of function regulating effects^[36].. OatsoatmealIs used for.

barleyContains abundant water-soluble dietary fiber, most of which isβ-glucanIs. Blood from ingesting barleycholesterolPrice increase suppression effect,Blood glucose levelRise suppression effect,BMIValue reduction effect is reported^[36](Barley riceSee also). β-glucan is a plant,mushroomIt is included in many kinds.

It is a water-soluble fiberGuar gumWhen taken with food, blood sugar rise is suppressed,InsulinSecretion was also suppressed^[37][31].

Production of hydrogen gas and antioxidant effect

Fiber that is indigestiblelactoseIntake ofIntestinal bacteriaBy exhalationfartIncreases gas production and emissions to. The gas produced is hydrogenmethaneHowever, methane is not produced unless there is a methane-producing bacterium due to individual differences. The correlation between the amount of hydrogen in fart and exhaled breath is as high as 0.44^[38].α-glucosidase inhibitorIs a diabetes drugAcarboseThe absorption of carbohydrates is suppressed and the intestinal bacteria in the large intestinehydrogenHowever, taking acarbose may suppress cardiovascular accidents.High blood sugarIn addition to suppressing the increase of hydrogen gas, an increase in hydrogen gas was observed during exhalation.antioxidant effectIs supposed to be a mechanism to suppress cardiovascular accidents^[39].. Various studies have reported the antioxidant effect of hydrogen, and intestinal bacteria produce hydrogen from indigestible dietary fiber and the like. In a mouse experiment in which hepatitis was induced using concanavalin A, hydrogen produced by normal enterobacteria was compared to that in mice in which antibiotics were used to suppress hydrogen production by the enterobacteria. It was found to suppress liver inflammation^[40].

Promotion of defecation

Insoluble dietary fiber increases stool volume in the colon and rectum and promotes defecation.

Emission of dioxins

DioxinsSince it also has the effect of adsorbing and excreting dioxin, it is suggested that increasing the rate of excretion from the body by 2 to 4 times can prevent the effects of dioxins on health.^[41].

Dietary fiber of foods well known in Japan

Seaweed,Whole grain,beansContains a lot of dietary fiber. The actual content is a representative value because it differs depending on the place of origin, harvest time, variety, etc.

Source

References

• Seiichiro Aoe et al., Edited by the Editorial Committee of the Dietary Fiber Society of Japan, "Dietary Fiber: Basics and Applications", supervised (3rd edition), 2008.ISBN +978-4-8041-1191-9. 

Related item

• Nutrients
• Polysaccharide

外部 リンク

• fiber -(Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute)
• Dietary fiber -"Health food" safety and efficacy information (National Institute of Health and Nutrition）