This article is about the Prime Minister of Japan. For other uses, seePrime Minister (Avoid ambiguity)."

Prime Minister
Incumbent Yoshii Kan
Yoshihide Suga Cabinet Inauguration date: September 2020, 9
Successive Prime Ministers and Cabinets
Successive Prime Ministers Cabinet(Successive generations）
Facilities and equipment used by the Prime Minister
Prime minister's residence Prime Minister's official residence Government machine Prime Minister car
People assisting the Prime Minister
Chief Cabinet Secretary(Successive generations） Assistant to the Prime Minister Prime Minister Secretary (Cabinet Secretariat）
People who organize the cabinet
Deputy Prime Minister Secretary of State,Deputy Minister Deputy Secretary-General, Cabinet Secretariat Minister of Parliament Assistant Secretary of the Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Legal Affairs Bureau Deputy Chief of Cabinet Law
Prime terms
Head nomination Temporary Deputy Prime Minister Temporary concurrent post of Prime Minister Squad and minister Resignation of the Prime Minister
Prime Minister Awards
Prime Minister Cup Prime Minister's Honor National Honor Award

Japanese politics
policy Democracy Parliamentary Cabinet System Symbolic emperor system(Constitutional monarchy） Single nation
Legal system Country ruled by law The Constitution of Japan Japanese law
People(Sovereign） election National election(Single-seat constituency proportional representation） House of Representatives general election House of Councilors ordinary election Local elections Prefectural assembly election Municipal assembly election Special ward assembly election Prefectural governor's election Municipal elections Special mayoral election Unified local elections Re-election By-election Increased election Political party List Number of Diet members by political party
Royal family Emperor(List） Tokujin Emperor Akihito royal Emperor : Akishinomiya Fumihito
政府 National agency
Legislative office 国会 - Member of Parliament(List） Bicameral system House of Representatives:House of Representatives(Chairman of the House of Representatives,Member list） Senate:House of Councilors(Chairman of the House of Councilors,Member list） National Diet Library
Executive branch Cabinet(List） Current:Yoshihide Suga Cabinet Prime Minister(List） Current position:Yoshii Kan Secretary of State Deputy Minister - Minister of Parliament Administrative agency Accounting Office
Judiciary 裁判 所 - judge - Lay judge Supreme Court (Chief of the Supreme Court,Supreme Court Judge） Lower court
Local autonomy Local government Ordinary local government Prefectures 市町村(Or special ward) Special local government special area Some office associations Wide area union Local council - Local assembly Prefectural assembly Municipal assembly (or special ward assembly) Chief Prefectural governor Mayor(Or special ward mayor)

Prime Minister(I don't really care,British: Prime Minister^[2]) IsJapan OfCabinet OfChiefBarrelSecretary of State^[3].civilianIsMember of ParliamentWas appointed, andStatusas well as the Authority TheThe Constitution of Japan,Cabinet ActIt is stipulated in.Abbreviation isprime minister.

Incumbent is the 99th generationYoshii Kan(Appointment: 2020〈Reiwa2 years>9/16 -).

Overview

The Prime MinisterAdministrative powerBelongs toCabinet OfChiefso(Article 66 of the Constitution of Japan(Section 1)^[4],OtherSecretary of StateOn behalf of the Cabinet (Article 68 of the Constitution)国会Submit a bill to the general state affairs and外交Report the relationship,Administrative departmentsCommand and supervise (Article 72 of the Constitution).

Parliamentary Cabinet SystemByMember of ParliamentFrom inside国会Voting (Prime Minister Nomination Election.. (Also known as the head team nomination)Article 67 of the Constitution), based on thisEmperorIs formalNational actAppoints Prime Minister as (Article 6 of the Constitution）^[4].

In addition, the Prime MinistercivilianMust be (Article 66(2) of the Constitution),SDFHas the highest command and supervision authority of (Self Defense Force Act).Cabinet OfficeAnd moreAdministrative organizationThe Prime Minister of Japan is directly responsible for these matters.

Furthermore, the Prime MinisterHead of the three powersOne of (Executive director). Current constitutionThe Constitution of JapanInHead of JapanWho has no specific text aboutHead of JapanThere is debate about^[5], Cabinet or Prime MinisterHeadThere is also a theory that^[6]..On the other hand, if a person in the position of a ceremonial symbol has a head of state characterEmperorView from the head^[6], There is a view that the Emperor and the Prime Minister share the role of head of state^[7].. In addition, the emperor is treated as the head of state in international practice.^[8][5].

Abbreviation or popular namePrime minister^[4](Prime minister),Prime Minister^[4](Prime minister),prime minister^[4](Shusho),Prime minister^[4][9]There is (saisho) (Details later).

Status

Cabinet chief

The Prime Minister is also a member of the Cabinet, but under the Constitution of Japan, the Prime Minister is positioned as the "chief" of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is superior to other Ministers of State, leads the Cabinet, and represents the Cabinet to the outside world. In addition, it has the authority to direct and supervise each administrative department.^[10].

Whether or not you are the head of state

Imperial Japanese ConstitutionUnlike the current Japanese constitution,Head of JapanThere is no regulation regarding. From thisHead of JapanThere are various discussions aboutFeaturesAttach importance toCabinet(Orprime ministerThere is also a theory that the^[11].

Head or represent the Cabinet, which has the authority to conclude treaties, dismiss diplomatic missions, and handle diplomatic relationsPrime MinisterIs the headtheoryExists.There is a theory that the head of state refers to a national institution that has at least a qualification as a foreign representative, and that the prime minister, who is the head of the cabinet, can be said to be the head of state of Japan.^[12].. The head of state is held by the Cabinet, and the head of the CabinetPrime MinisterIs head of stateStatusThere is a view that it is in^[13].

On the other hand, there is also the idea that it is sufficient for the head of state to have the authority to ceremonially represent the nation externally, and that a person in the position of a ceremonial symbol has a head of state character, in which case the emperor Head of state^[6].. In addition, the emperor is treated as the head of state in international practice.^[8][5].. Minister of State at the 1973st Diet Cabinet Committee on April 48, 4 (Showa 17)Masayoshi Ohira"I don't think there is a country that welcomes the Prime Minister as the head of state of Japan."^[14].

Chief Minister

The Prime Minister has jurisdiction over the following institutions:Cabinet ActTo sayChief MinisterTo serve.

• Cabinet Secretariat(Cabinet ActArticle 24)- Chief Cabinet SecretaryAdminister the affairs (Cabinet Law, Article 13, paragraph 3).
• Cabinet Legal Affairs Bureau(Cabinet Legislation Bureau Establishment LawArticle 7)- Cabinet Legal Affairs BureauAdminister the affairs (Cabinet Legislative Bureau Establishment Law, Article 2, paragraph 2).
• Cabinet Office(Cabinet Office Establishment LawArticle 6 paragraph 2)-As an assistantMinister for Special Missions, Cabinet OfficeCan be placed (Cabinet Office Establishment Act Article 9 paragraph 1). The Cabinet Secretary organizes the affairs of the Cabinet Office with the help of the Prime Minister and supervises the required affairs (Article 8 Paragraph 1 of the same law).
• Reconstruction Agency(Reconstruction Agency establishment lawArticle 6 paragraph 2)-As an assistantMinister of ReconstructionPut (Article 8 paragraph 3 of the same law).Great East Japan EarthquakeTemporary measures after receiving.
• Various "meetings", "headquarters", etc. installed in the cabinet (for example,National Security Council(National Security Council Establishment LawArticle 13)).

Authority

The main powers of the Prime Minister prescribed by the Constitution of Japan and other laws and regulations are as follows.

Constitution, Cabinet Act, etc.

• otherSecretary of StateAppointed and voluntarilyrecallWhat to do (Article 68 of the Constitution).

This Minister of State's appointment and dismissal is a matter of exclusive rights of the Prime Minister, and the temporary agency has no appointment or dismissal.^[15][16].

• Agree to prosecution of the Secretary of State while in office (Article 75 of the Constitution).
• Submit a bill to the Diet on behalf of the Cabinet (Article 72 of the Constitution).
• On behalf of the Cabinet外交Report the relationship to the Diet (Article 72 of the Constitution).
• Conduct and supervise each administrative department on behalf of the Cabinet (Article 72 of the Constitution).
• Co-sign laws and ordinances (Article 74 of the Constitution, Both authority and obligation. There is no so-called veto right).
• CabinetPreside over (Article 4 of the Cabinet Act2).
• Initiate basic policies and other matters related to the important policies of the Cabinet in the Cabinet Meeting (Cabinet Law, Article 4, paragraph 2).
• Designate an acting representative of the Prime Minister and the Chief Minister of State (Article 9 of the Cabinet Act,10 article).
• Wait for the Cabinet to discontinue the disposition or order of each administrative department (Article 8 of the Cabinet Act, "Cancellation right").
• Imperial meetingConvene this as the chair of (Imperial rule29, 33).
• 裁判 所Object to the suspension of administrative sanctions, etc.Administrative Case Litigation Law Article 27).
• ChargesWho canEmperor,Queen,Empress Dowager,Queen MotherorEmperorWhen it is, file a complaint on behalf of these persons (Criminal lawArticle 232 paragraph 2).

Police Law, Self Defense Force Law, etc.

• Such as a major disaster or mayhemEmergencyAt that time, an evacuation notice was issued (Police lawArticle 71), temporarilyPolicemenControl (Article 72).
• On behalf of the Cabinet,SDF OfHighest command and supervisionHave (Self Defense Force ActArticle 7).
• In the event of an armed attack, order the SDF to dispatch (SDF Law Article 76,Defense dispatch)).
• Indirect aggressionOr, in the event of other emergencies, if the general police force is unable to maintain security, order the SDF to dispatch (SDF Law Article 78, “By Order”).Public order)).
• When there is a dispatch order to the Self-Defense Forces due to defense dispatch or security dispatch, if it is deemed necessary,Japan Coast GuardTo be under that control (Article 80 of the Self-Defense Forces Act).
• In the event of an armed attack, etc., as the head of the “Headquarters Countermeasures Headquarters” established in the Cabinet, make a comprehensive coordination on the countermeasures taken by the relevant administrative agencies, local governments, and designated public institutions (Armed Attack Situation Peace Assurance ActArticle 14).
• Issue an alarm when it is recognized that there is an urgent need to protect the lives, bodies or property of the people from armed attacks (Civil protection lawArticle 44).
• In the event that an emergency disaster occurs and the disaster is anomalous and catastrophic that should have a significant impact on the country's economy and public welfare, the Cabinet will issue a declaration of a disaster emergency (Disaster Countermeasures Basic LawArticle 105).
• Minister of DefenseApprove anti-piracy actions against and report to the Diet (Act on Punishment of Piracy and Response to PiracyArticle 7).
• Japanese Meteorological AgencyFrom the SecretaryEarthquake predictionWhen you receive a report of information,EarthquakeWhen it is recognized that there is an urgent need to implement disaster prevention first aid measures, the Cabinet will discussDeclaration of cautionTo emit (Large-scale Earthquake Countermeasures ActArticle 9).
• HXNUMXNXNUMX influenzaな ど^{[Annotation 2]}Occurs in Japan, and it is considered that a situation that falls under the requirements stipulated by a Cabinet Order as having a significant impact on the national life and the national economy due to its nationwide and rapid spread, or the possibility that it has occurred, To issue an emergency declaration such as influenza, and to report to that effect and the relevant matters to the Diet (New influenza measures special measures lawArticle 32).

Other laws

• Central Labor CommitteeAppointment of public interest committee of (Labor union lawArticle 19-3 (2)).
• Designation of public utilities under the Labor Relations Adjustment Act (Labor Relations Adjustment ActArticle 8 paragraph 2).
• Emergency adjustment right under the Labor Relations Adjustment Act (Article 35-2 of the Labor Relations Adjustment Act).
• Order for measures under the Premium Labeling Act (Freebie display methodArticle 6).
• Statistical methodNational accountsCreate (Statistical methodArticle 6 paragraph 1).
• Appointment of members of the Statistical Committee/temporary members (Article 47 of the Statistics Act).
• Central Election CommissionAppointment/Dismissal of Committee (Public office election lawArticle 5 2).
• Deposit insurance mechanismApproval for investment in (Corporate Revitalization Corporation Act, Article 51).
• Central Persons with Disabilities Policy Promotion CouncilAppointment of members (Article 25 of the Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities).
• Japan Broadcasting CorporationAppointment of members of the Management Committee (Broadcasting lawArticle 16 paragraph 1).
• Designation of disaster prevention business, etc. by the Act on Special Measures for Controlling Disasters in Typhoon-Zero Areas (Articles 2 and 3 of the Act on Special Measures for Preventing Disasters in Typhoon-Zero Areas).

In addition, the Cabinet Office and itsOuter office(Financial Services Agency,Consumer Affairs AgencyEtc.) and the chief minister of the headquarters, etc. In particular, there are many licensing rights related to the Financial Services Agency, which is one of the external offices of the Cabinet Office (Banking law,Money Lending Business Law,Financial Instruments and Exchange ActSuch).

1991UntilAgency delegationDo not obeyPrefectural governorHad the authority to dismiss after undergoing judicial procedures (Local government lawOld Article 146).2001, The prime minister's initiative in the cabinet was legislated (revised Article 4 of the Cabinet Act), and the command and supervision authority for each ministry was strengthened.

Inauguration / retirement

Nomination and appointment

name

The Prime MinisterJapanese ParliamentarianFrom thePrime Minister Nomination Election.. This is also nominated (also known as the head team nomination) (Article 67, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution). The qualification requirements for nomination areMember of ParliamentTo becivilianIs to be.

Nomination electionHouse of RepresentativesとHouse of CouncilorsIf the nominations of both houses are in conflict with each other,House of CouncilsWill be held, but if a draft is not obtained by the Council of both Houses, the nomination by the House of Representatives will be decided by the Diet (Superiority of the House of Representatives). In the past, there have been cases where a council of both houses was held, but there have been no cases where a draft was obtained. In addition, although there is no actual case, if the House of Councilors does not make a nomination within 10 days after the nomination of the House of Representatives, the nomination by the House of Representatives will be decided by the Diet (same as above).

Therefore, in effect,House of RepresentativesAccording to the intention of the majority of the powers, the prime minister is appointed.

Requirements

1. Member of Parliament

   The Prime Minister is appointed from the Diet members (Article 67, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution).

   Under the Japanese constitutionParliamentary Cabinet SystemHas adoptedHouse of RepresentativesConfidence must always be secured. Therefore, the Prime Minister has the largest power in the House of Representatives.Political party OfParty leader, ま た はCoalitionOne of the heads of the political parties forming the party is appointed. Since the prime minister's requirement at the time of nomination of the leaders is stipulated as "member of the Diet",House of CouncilorsAny member may be used, but all Prime Ministers who took office after the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan were elected from the members of the House of Representatives. Although not specified by law, being a member of the Diet is both an election requirement and an employment requirement.^[17].. HoweverDissolution of the House of RepresentativesEven if you lose a member of the House of Representatives due to the expiration of the term of officeHouse of Representatives general electionRemain in the position until the later convocation of the Diet. There is no case where the incumbent Prime Minister has been defeated in the lower house election.^{[Annotation 3]}(The Prime Minister will remain in the position of Prime Minister until he resigns at the time of convening the first Diet after the election, even if he loses his current position in the lower house election.Execution Cabinet)).

2. civilian

   Other prime ministersSecretary of StateMust be a civilian (Article 66, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution）^{[Annotation 4][Annotation 5]}.

   There have been cases where former military officers and soldiers had experience as Prime Minister and Secretary of State.Although there is no case where a person from the Self-Defense Forces became Prime Minister, a retired officer of the SDF served as the Secretary of State. There is an example.

Appointment

Immediate result of nominationChairman of the House of Representatives Execution CabinetViaEmperorTo play^[18].. In the precedent, the chair of the House of Representatives separately reports the nomination process directly to the Emperor at the Imperial Palace. The Emperor appoints the Prime Minister based on the appointment of the Diet (Article 6, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution).

The appointment of the Prime MinisterNational actIs already one ofCabinet resignationThe CabinetArticle 71 of the Constitutionbased onExecution CabinetGive it "advice and approval" as

Inauguration ceremonyThe chairpersons of both houses attend the meeting, and after the Emperor verbally tells the new prime minister that he will be appointed, if the prime minister changes, the prime minister of the executive cabinet will hand over the secretary to the new prime minister. If the Prime Minister is reappointed, the Secretary of State for the Execution of Cabinet Hands over the official journal^[19].

Term

There is no article in the Constitution of Japan that directly stipulates the term of office of the Prime Minister.

According to the constitution, when the Diet is first convened after the general election of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet must resign.Therefore, one term of the Prime Minister is It will not be longer than four years at the time when the first assembly is called after the election.^{[Annotation 6]}(Article 70 of the Constitution). Article 57 of the Public Offices Election Act stipulatesDeferred votingEven if this is done, it does not affect the number of days limit stipulated by the Constitution, so the effect of this cannot be expected. fundamentallyDeferred votingIs a provision for deferral at a particular polling place^{[Annotation 7]}Because it is.

If the delay in voting in the general election of members of the House of Representatives delays the convocation of the Diet, of course, this provision does not prohibit re-election in the newly convened Diet, and institutionally as a member of the Diet. As long as he continues to be nominated by the head of the Diet, he can continue to be the Prime Minister.

However, usually the Prime MinisterRuling partyIt has gained the confidence of the ruling party members on the premise of the position of the party leader, but if there is a re-election restriction for the party leader in the internal rules of the political party, that term may become the effective upper limit of the term of office.

Retirement and proxy

Resignation

"In the House of RepresentativesCabinet no confidence resolutionIs approved, orCabinet confidence resolutionIf rejected within 10 daysDisband the House of Representatives^{[Annotation 8]}When not doing" (Article 69 of the Constitution), or "when there is a lack of prime minister" or "when there is a congressional meeting for the first time after the general election of members of the House of Representatives" (Article 70 of the Constitution) Must resign from the Cabinet.

The above is mandatory, and other than this, the Prime Minister can resign arbitrarily (resigned from the Cabinet). If the Prime Minister is lacking or resigns, the Cabinet must immediately notify both Houses.^[20].

Detail is"Cabinet resignation"and"BankruptcySee

In addition, when "the Prime Minister has an accident" or "when the Prime Minister is missing", the Minister of State designated in advance will act as a temporary deputy for the Prime Minister (Article 9 of the Cabinet Law). Details will be described later.

In most cases under the Constitution of Japan, the Prime Minister retires and at the same time the party leader of his own party resigns or retires when his term expires.^{[Annotation 9]}.

Execution Cabinet

After the resignation of the Cabinet, until the new Prime Minister is appointed, the Cabinet after resigning will continue to execute duties (Article 71 of the ConstitutionTherefore, the Prime Minister after resigning from the Cabinet will continue to execute his duties.

Therefore, if the Cabinet led by the Prime Minister's temporary representative resigns, he/she will continue to execute the duties until the new Prime Minister is appointed. Therefore, to be precise, the date of retirement of the Prime Minister is the day when he resigned.Cabinet decisionThe day the new Prime Minister was appointed.

Detail is"Execution CabinetSee

Duty agency / assistant

Temporary deputy

There is a temporary deputy prime minister acting on behalf of the prime minister. This is not a regular position, and in the event of an accident with the Prime Minister, five pre-designated Ministers of State will take office in order. The one with the highest temporary substitute appointment rankingChief Cabinet SecretaryWhen you are a Minister of State other thanDeputy Prime MinisterCalled.

An example

An example of a temporary representative placed indefinitely until the resignation of the Cabinet is:2st Ohira Cabinet OfMasayoshi ItoHowever, he took office as a temporary representative based on prior appointment after the death of the Prime Minister and immediately resigned from the Cabinet,Ishibashi Cabinet OfShinsuke KishiとObuchi Cabinet OfMikio AokiHowever, there is an example in which he took office as a temporary representative immediately after being appointed by the prime minister who was hospitalized and resigned from the Cabinet. There are many cases in which the temporary agency acted for the job only during the Prime Minister's trip.

Aide

There is an assistant to the Prime Minister as an assistant to the Prime Minister. OrganizationallyCabinet SecretariatAlthough it belongs to, it reports directly to the Prime Minister in terms of duties. In addition, there are Special Advisors to the Cabinet, Special Advisor to the Cabinet, and Secretary to the Prime Minister, who support the execution of duties and the administration of the Prime Minister.

History

After the Meiji Restoration

Meiji RestorationAfter that, initiallyPledge of the Five ArticlesIn accordance with the policy of "Wide conference, the public decision, two-way decision,"Prime Minister SystemHas been done by But,Nara periodThis political regime that continued from the beginning was not only suitable for the new era and old-fashioned, but also for the institutional aspect,CondolenceWhat to doMinister-Left minister-Right ministerAnd is "commanded" by thisCouncilAnd each ministryLordIs not responsible forMinisterAlthough he was extremely busy, the responsibilities of the left and right ministers were unclear, which was a roundabout and inefficient task.

1880(Meiji 13) From aroundCouncilIto HirobumiBegan to advocate this "Presidential" reform,MaintenanceRight minister of the factionIwakuraRepulsed. Hirofumi Ito at the time did not have the political power to oppose the heavy duty Iwakura Gumi (Political change of the XNUMXth year of MeijibyOhte ShigenobuThe expulsion was promoted by Gumi Iwakura moving through the palace, and Hirofumi Ito could have become the "second Okuma" due to a collision with Gumi Iwakura. Therefore, Hirofumi Ito withdrew this proposal once1882(15th year of Meiji) From MarchDaiji Ito,Saionji public aspirationTraveled to Europe withGerman Empire,Austria-Hungary Empire,The United KingdomIncluding the constitution inConstitutional systemThe skeleton of a “government equivalent to civilized countries” will be concretely constructed from this time. Hirofumi Ito, who returned to Japan after the death of Tomomi Iwakura, sought to advance the implementation of a political system concept in line with the constitutional system studied in Germany.

On the other hand, the same conservative minister, Prime Minister Iwakura,Minami SanjoResponded with a personnel reform proposal to assign Hirofumi Ito to the right minister. However, Hirofumi Ito politely declined this and insteadKiyotaka KurodaHowever, this time the "reform battle" ended in a draw, as the conservatives slumped into Kiyotaka Kuroda, who is now in a turmoil. After that, Hirofumi Ito and others were not afraid of this.CabinetI proposed a system and said, "If it becomes a monarchy constitutional government, the monarchy monarchy must be on the legislative. Therefore, a constitution should be established and both sides of the legislative administration should be juxtaposed (the legislative government, As I said in the lexicon of Hirofumi Ito, he said, "I have no choice but to do what I want and act as a human body."ModernOfCabinet systemWhen confronted with the conservatives, there was no opposite name, and Hirofumi Ito's intention passed.

Prime Minister No. 69 and Cabinet Office

1885On December 18, (12th year of Meiji), "Prime ministers"No. XNUMX" was issued, "Politics""Minister"on behalf"Cabinet"And the Prime Minister" were established, and the Cabinet system started here. In the "Cabinet" organizationMinister MiyauchiIs clearly not included,MiyanakaThe distinction between "(the court)" and "Fuchu (the government)" was stipulated, and the basis for a system in which each minister of affairs bears the administrative responsibility was born. Was enacted at the same timeCabinet authorityIn the above, the "Prime Minister" was given "Power of each minister, the leader of Toshite's mission, the direction of the government, and the direction of the major government. It was being done.

Cabinet system

1889(Meiji 22)Imperial Japanese ConstitutionHowever, the Act does not specify direct provisions for the "Cabinet" and "Prime Minister", and in Article 55 of the same law, "Ministers of State Ha It was only specified. At the same time,Cabinet authorityWas established in the form of amendingCabinet systemIn the above, "the prime minister c. the heads of each minister's head, Toshite, to confirm the mission, maintain the unity of administrative departments" (Article 2), and its authority was weakened.

As for authority, the "Prime Minister" is said to be a "principal minister among his peers," who praises the Emperor, and the "Cabinet" was positioned as an organization for consultation and unification of the ministers. The Prime Minister has the governor-general of each department and has the instrumental performance right (the right to ask the Emperor to approve and the authority to declare the Emperor's approval) and the recommendation right to the Minister of State (to the Emperor) Although he had the authority to request an appointment), once a disagreement occurs within the cabinet, the Prime Minister cannot dismiss the ministers without the dismissal right of each minister, and he is only encouraged to persuade or resign. If this failsCabinet resignationI had no choice but to do it. As a caseTojo CabinetThe cause of the total resignation of theShinsuke KishiRefused to resign, andFirst Konoe CabinetIt is,Minister of Foreign Affairs OfYousuke MatsuokaI had no choice but to use the means of total resignation in order to quit. In addition, it was stipulated from the beginning of the Showa era until the end of the war in the Meiji period.Minister of the Military Active military systemDue to this, the Cabinet was restricted by the military. Especially when the Cabinet does not follow its will,Minister of ArmyAnd did not recommend a replacement,Second Saionji Cabinet-US CabinetCollapsed,Issei UgakiWas blocked from the Cabinet.

As a status,Next to the palace seat TheGrand OrderIn the position ofPrivy CouncilI am said to be higher than the chairman,RitualAbove, it was positioned as the highest rank in Fuchu.

Regarding appointment and dismissal, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor as well as the Ministers of State (Big life drop), the selection method was not stipulated by law. From the early Meiji period to the early Showa periodVeteranWas appointed based on the recommendation byTaishoFrom the endShowaEarly on,Taisho democracyIs based on party politics byHouse of RepresentativesWas nominated and appointed the first party leader in (Constitutional road). After that, from the beginning of the Showa era until the end of the war, theShigeomi meetingHas been appointed by the recommendation.

Constitution of Japan and Cabinet Law

1946(21)11/3ToThe Constitution of JapanWas promulgated,66 articleFor the first time, "the Cabinet shall, as provided for by law, organize this with the Prime Minister, who is its prime minister, and other Ministers of State."ConstitutionSpecified in. With this, the next1947(22)1/16In the Cabinet Act enacted in April XNUMX, "The Prime Minister will direct and supervise each administrative department based on the policy decided during the Cabinet meeting" (6 article), etc., its authority was strengthened.

The Constitution of JapanEnforcementAbout the later Prime MinisterHead of JapanThere are some theories that consider it^[21], In international practice, the emperor has been treated as the head of state since before the war.^[8][5].

If there is a disagreement within the cabinet, the Prime Minister under the Constitution of Japan may dismiss and pass on his/her opinion. In addition, even if the Minister suddenly resigns for any reason, the Prime Minister may arbitrarily appoint his successor. This striking exampleRight to dissolve the House of RepresentativesIs. Under the constitution, the dissolution of the House of Representatives is to be done by the Emperor with the advice and approval of the Cabinet (Article 7 No. 3), which means that “the right of dissolution belongs to the Cabinet” and “cannot be dissolved without a cabinet decision”, but it is generally understood that “the right of dissolution is the exclusive right of the Prime Minister”. Even if there is a minister who opposes the dissolution and refuses to sign the cabinet, the prime minister can dismiss the minister and concurrently sign the cabinet.^{[Annotation 10]}.. Even if all ministers object, the prime minister can decide to disband by dismissing and concurrently serving as all ministers (One-person cabinet). Therefore, if the Prime Minister decides to disband, there is no law to prevent it. Thus, the effect of voluntary dismissal on ministers is extremely large.

Designation

Abbreviation

Since the inception of the Cabinet System, the abbreviation for the Prime Minister has generally been "Prime ministerIs often used, but in addition to this,Prime Minister"Or"prime ministerThe abbreviation "" is also used. As a synonym, "Prime ministerIs sometimes used^[9].

English notation

The official English notation is "Prime MinisterIt is. This English translation had been used informally as the English translation of "Principal Minister" before the introduction of the Cabinet System. However, the English translation of "Prime Minister" did not mean this word from the beginning, and it used to be "Minister President of State"("country'sMinister-president) ”Meaning) was also used in the German translation.^[22].

Anecdote

Treatment of Minami Sanjo

In the transition to the Cabinet System, the concern for everyone was who became the first Prime Minister. The consensus of the eyes is that with the name of Taiji Minoru, who was the head of the government despite being a prime ministerToshimichi OkuboAfter his death, Hirofumi Ito was the de facto prime minister who built up the Cabinet system by encouraging the Meiji government. But SanjoFujiwara KitaIn the Kanain style,Seika familyIs one ofSanjo familyNoble of being bornidentity,DukeIs. On the other hand, Ito is a poor farmer,samuraiAlso became維新I'm from a low rank just beforePiagetHowever, the difference was clear. At the meeting in the palace that decided the first Prime Minister to replace the Prime MinisterJun Inoue”The future Prime MinisterRed Telegram (Foreign Telegram)You must be able to read it.” Yamamoto Ariho agreed, “Isn't there any other than Mr. Ito?”, and there is no word to return the conservatives' support for Sanjo. 、It was decided easily with this. The biggest factor in deciding the first Prime Minister was Ito's "English ability".

With the appointment of Prime Minister Ito, SanjoMinisterAs a palace, as an aide of the emperorEmperor MeijiWill be "Tsuyo Sasuke". However, the minister was originally created to treat Sanjo.Honorary positionSo, in fact, raise him upstairsLadderIt was like removing the. On the other hand, I once served SanjoMisaki Ozaki(Senate) Suggested that he should strongly protest against Sanjo, but he urged Ozaki to do such a contempt on the contrary, saying that it is for the future of the nation and not my own problem.^[23].. However, whether Emperor Meiji was sorry for this treatment, 1889 (Meiji 22)10/25Second generation Prime Minister Kiyotaka KurodaTreaty revisionWhen he resigned as the Prime Minister taking responsibility for the political turmoil over the Empire, the Emperor accepted only Kuroda's resignation and rejected everything else, leaving Sanjo to serve concurrently as Prime Minister. This is not a "temporary concurrent appointment" but merely a "concurrent appointment", and the Emperor will be the next Yamagata YuhoGreat life of the CabinetIt was only two months after that, and we consider that there was one separate cabinet during this period, and call it the "Sanjo Provisional Cabinet." Nevertheless, Minami Sanjo is not to be counted as successive Prime Minister.

election

There is no case where the incumbent Prime Minister lost the election.Middle-election systemMost of the current incumbent prime ministers were elected to the first place, but onlyYasuhiro NakasoneOnly in 1983 and 1986 are the second place elected in the two lower house elections (the first place isFukuda Yoshio).

As an example of a person who has experience with the Prime Minister being defeated in the national election, Satoshi Katayama (1949, 1963)Ishibashi Tozan(1963) andToshiki Kaifu(2009) is an example. Also,Naoto Kan(2012/2014)Small districtLost inProportional revivalI'm winning.Hosokawa Goki(2014) after retirementTokyo Governor ElectionHe ran for and was defeated.

Educational History

For successive prime ministersold systemTokyo Imperial UniversityMany people are from, but are the posterityNew systemThose who are from the University of TokyoFaculty of EngineeringOnly Yukio Hatoyama graduated from the Department of Numerical Engineering. Hatoyama is also the first Prime Minister to come from a new national government university. Kakuei Tanaka has the last academic background in the school systemHigher elementary schoolGraduation^{[Annotation 11]}.. Also, the first Prime Minister with a background in modern education wasSorbonne UniversityToStudy abroadSaionji public desire. In addition, Sosuke Uno is an old systemKobe University of Commerce(CurrentKobe University), but two months laterStudent campAnd after the warSiberian detentionThe only student in Heisei, who dropped out without returning to schoolBachelor OfBachelor of ScienceIt became the prime minister who does not have.

age

The Prime Minister must be elected from the members of the Diet. In theory of law, he can be appointed from the age of 25 when he gets the right to vote for members of the House of Representatives. Legally, any member of the Diet may be nominated, regardless of which House of Representatives they belong to, but political experience is often emphasized, and the probability that a 1st-year member of the Diet will be appointed Is extremely small (Hosokawa GohiWas elected prime minister in the House of Representatives once in 1993, but before taking office he was a member of the House of Councilors.KumamotoGovernorHad experience. In addition, Shigeru Yoshida was appointed prime minister in the House of Representatives once elected in 1948, and had prior experience as a member of the House of Representatives and the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister).

The youngest Japanese prime minister to hold the record is 1885, the first Hirobumi Ito (then 44 years old), who is still unbroken. The oldest inauguration record1945 OfKantaro Suzuki(77 years old at that time), the oldest tenure record is Shigenobu Okuma (78 years old at that time). As the youngest after the war,2006Is Shinzo Abe (52 years old at the time). The post-war oldest inauguration record isKijuro ShimeharaHowever, within the scope of the new constitution, it is 73 years and 72 months of Ishibashi Tanzan.

After retirement

Even after retiring from the Prime Minister, if he / she wishes, about one personSecurity policeIt is customary for the (SP) to protect the former Prime Minister himself.^[24]However, unlike the incumbent Prime Minister, who basically cannot refuse security by SP, it is possible to terminate security by SP at the will of the former Prime Minister himself.^[25].

Under the Constitution of Japan, a person who once retired from the Prime Minister subsequentlySecretary of StateIn addition to Shigeru Yoshida and Shinzo Abe, who were reappointed as Prime Ministers,Kiichi Miyazawa(Obuchi Cabinet-Minister of Finance in Mori Cabinet → Minister of Finance) ・Ryutaro Hashimoto(Minister in charge of Okinawa and Northern Measures in the Mori Cabinet, etc.) ・Taro AsoThe three members (the second Abe Cabinet-the Minister of Finance in the Suga Cabinet, etc.) have been in the cabinet as ministers under the other Prime Ministers after the resignation of the Prime Minister.Also,Toshiki Kaifu(Budding partyParty leader) ・Takeshi Haneda(Democratic PartySecretary-General)^{[Annotation 12]}-Yoshihiko Noda(Democratic PartyThe three members (secretary-general) have held important positions in the first opposition party after the resignation of the Prime Minister.^{[Annotation 13]}.

In addition, although he does not ostensibly take important positions,Kakuei Tanaka(Also known as the Dark General)Noboru TakeshitaSome people, like this, have a large faction and remain influential in politics even after the resignation of the prime minister.

honor

For those who have experience of the Prime MinisterhonorAbout, depending on your tenureRank TheFirst place,Second placeorSecond place,Order etc.Medal TheGreat Order of Chrysanthemum,Grand Order Chrysanthemum flower emblemorPaulownia flower emblem(OldIsamu Hiragi Kirihana Great Ribbon) Of one of theKeizo ObuchiIs the grand prize of the Kikuhana Great Ribbon). However, it may be forgotten due to refusal or scandal (eg: Kakuei Tanaka...Scandal,Kiichi Miyazawa… Decline).

motto

The power of the Prime Minister decreases as the Cabinet is remodeled, and rises as it is dissolved.

Eisaku Satoword of.

When trying to reshuffle the cabinet, the elbow iron of other factionsMinisterial illnessAs many members of parliament gather in the prime minister, it becomes difficult to respond and the power of the prime minister is reduced. On the other hand, when the House of Representatives disbanded, many members of the House of Representatives sought to get the approval of their party from the Prime Minister and returned to the local constituencies to win the House of Representatives election to preserve political life and win the House of Representatives election If they are re-elected by nomination, the power of the Prime Minister will rise because the administration base will increase.

Single-year singer disposable for two years

Noboru Takeshitaword of.

At first, the prime minister will be sick of newness when he takes office, but thenexpiration dateIt is a word that has been criticized by society when it expires, and it is ridiculed that the prime minister can be replaced after a term of office of about two years. In addition, this word isTriangle daifukuIt has been used since Takeshita was a mid-sized representative in those days.

The enemy of the prime minister is not only in the front but also in the back if it is at the side, at the top, at an angle, and inside

Junichiro Koizumiword of.

Even though the Prime Minister is the most notable and most powerful person in Japan, he shows the principle of confrontation within the Diet.OppositionNot only that, but also because the media, foreign countries, and industry groups can be critical of themselves, other parties and anti-executive departments within the ruling party, which should have the same purpose, will also be critical, so where is the enemy? A word that says you must be careful where you are targeted.

The most important source of prime minister's power is the right to dissolve and personnel.

Junichiro Koizumiword of.

He pointed out that the right to dissolve the personnel and the House of Representatives, including ministers and party leaders, is the source of the prime minister's mighty power.

In particularPostal dissolutionResist inYoshinobu ShimamuraDismissed the agricultural minister. In addition, sending assassin candidates one after another to candidates who are considered to be "resisting forces",Single-seat constituency systemI was impressed that the power of the Prime Minister was further strengthened.

Record

Employment

Employment record

sick

assassination

Far East military trial related

Criminal case

Career history

legislation

Administration

Privy Council

judicial

Army Navy

Miyanaka

Educational History

From

relatives

Reappointment

Change of Prime Minister

Other

Number of people from each party

(The year after the name of the Prime Minister took office)

• In addition, the prime minister of the House of Representatives isHospital groupThere was also a member of parliament who belonged to (Fumimaro Konoe'sTuesday PartySuch).

"Phantom Prime Minister"

A person who is a big politician who can be appointed as prime minister but who could not be appointed as a prime minister for reasons such as early life is sometimes called the "phantom prime minister."Kazuya Fukuda"Price of Prime Minister" (Bunshun library) AndMikiVolume "The story of successive prime ministers" (ShinshokanIn addition to being a standard item in successive Prime Minister's Directories, "LDP Party No. 2 Study" (Kodansha library) Or "The Men Who Couldn't Become Prime Minister" (Business world) And other books featuring "Phantom Prime Minister" have also been published. Various people can be named, but as Fukuda, Mitsui, Asakawa, Kobayashi all mentionOgata TaketoraとIchiro KonoFukuda and Mitsui, both of whom I dealt with before the war,Jun Inoue-Shinpei Goto-Issei UgakiThere is. In addition to this, a person who "has become a prime minister unless he declines"Tokugawa familyOr postwarMasayoshi ItoSome people have declined while being promoted as the next prime minister.

List of successive Prime Ministers

Now

代	Person	Prime Minister		Date of Birth	age	Cabinet	Term of office	Number of days	Political party
99	63		Suga Yoshihide Yoshii Kan	1948 (Showa23 years)  12/6	72 歳	Yoshihide Suga Cabinet	2020(Reiwa2 years)August 9-	0	LDP

footnote

注 釈

Source

Related item

History

• The successive cabinets of Japan
• List of Prime Ministers

Start-up/organization/form

• Prime Minister Nomination Election
  • Cabinet
  • Prime Minister Appointment Ceremony
  • Certification Officer Appointment Ceremony
• Code of Secretary of State, Deputy Minister and Parliamentary Vice-Minister
• Cabinet (Japan)
  • Secretary of State
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  • Assistant to the Prime Minister
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• Temporary Deputy Prime Minister
• Big life drop
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• One-person cabinet
• Cabinet collective responsibility (Cabinet collective responsibility)

国会

• Four government speeches
  • Policy statement
• Dissolution of the House of Representatives
• Cabinet no confidence resolution
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Facilities and equipment

• Prime Minister's Office
• Prime Minister's official residence
• Japanese Government Machine
• Prime Minister car

Other

• One Cabinet One Job
• National Honor Award
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• Prime Minister Cup
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• Cabinet approval rate
• Keeper

外部 リンク

• Prime Minister's official homepage
• Cabinet Office homepage